Lifestyle Diseases

Question 1

Define atherosclerosis?

Answer 1

The build up of fatty deposits that form hard plaques on the arteriole walls.

Question 2

What 3 things does atherosclerosis cause?

Answer 2

1. Narrowing of lumen
2. Decreases the pace of blood flow
3. Blood clots

Question 3

What can atherosclerosis lead to?

Answer 3

Coronary heart disease (CHD)

Question 4

What causes damage on our arteriole walls to enable fats/lipids build up?

Answer 4

Smoking
LDL cholesterol
Hypertension
Excess fat tissue

Question 5

Define coronary heart disease?

Answer 5

The build up of fatty deposits that form hard plaques within the CORONARY ARTERY.
As the disease progresses the capacity to supply blood to the myocardium is reduced = a deficiency of oxygen.

Question 6

What can a deficiency of oxygen within the myocardium cause?

Answer 6

Angina

Heart attack

Question 7

Define heart attack?

Answer 7

Cardiac muscle cells (myocardium) are deprived of oxygen due a blockage within the coronary artery.

Question 8

Define stroke?

Answer 8

When the blood supply to a region of the brain is diminished, and the brain suffers a deficiency of oxygen.

Question 9

What are the two types of stroke?

Answer 9

Ischemic- most common, due to a blockage in the cerebral artery due to atherosclerosis.
Haemorrhagic- cerebral artery ruptures and leads to a BLEED

Question 10

What exercise best benefits cardiovascular health?

note: if training becomes too intense can cause a coronary plaque rupture or a heart attack.

Answer 10

Continuous, 3-4 times a week, 30 mins in the aerobic zone.
HEART- Increased SV= decreased resting HR
Increased forceful contractions
Increased elasticity of arteriole walls (vaso c +d)

BODY- Decreased body fat and excess lipids, decreased strain on heart.
Increased efficiency of VSM

BLOOD- Increased O2 transportation, less LDL and more HDL Decreased blood viscosity= decreased blood pressure.

Question 11

Define COPD?

Answer 11

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

An umbrella term for a collection of diseases that cause inflammation of the airways and effect airflow.

Question 12

What three diseases are within COPD?

Answer 12

Asthma
Emphysema- damage to alveoli through decrease in elastic recoil.
Chronic bronchitis- damage and inflammation to bronchi due to mucus production.

Question 13

What exercise best helps COPD?

Answer 13

Light, continuous exercise such as WALKING in the aerobic zone.

Increase and maintain elasticity of airways
Increased alveoli surface area= more gas exchange
Increased pulmonary capillarisation

Question 14

Define asthma?

Answer 14

A respiratory disease characterised by constriction of the bronchiole airways and inflammation of the mucus membrane.

Question 15

What can cause asthma?

Answer 15

Triggers- pollen, pollutants, dust, perfumes, cold, dry air.
Exercise Induced Asthma (IED) due to exercising in cold, dry air eg: winter, ice sports.

Question 16

What reaction do triggers cause?

Answer 16

1. Triggers stimulate immune system
2. Immune system releases MAST CELLS
3. These release HISTAMINE that causes increased contraction of smooth muscle around airways and mucus production.

Question 17

Asthma attack?

Answer 17

Wheezing and shortness of breath due to increased inflammation of airways.

Question 18

What exercise best benefits asthma?

Answer 18

Not cold or dry weather, aerobic training zone, 3-4 times a week, continuous for 20-30 mins.

Question 19

Why is cold, dry air not good for asthma? 3 PTS

Answer 19

1. When inhaled in large volumes will be moistened warmed by airways.
2. Moisture is evaporated from surface of airways to this, removing moisture from cells lining airways such as MAST CELLS
3. Leads to an increase in osmolality which triggers mast cells to release anti inflammatory chemicals that cause an asthma attack eg : histamine.