Lifestyle changes And Health Promotion Flashcards
What is a complete state of well-being? (Ottowa and charter, 1987)
Identify and realise aspirations to satisfy needs, to change and cope with the environment
When does health promotion happen?
Primary prevention, secondary prevention and tertiary prevention
What is primary prevention?
Actions to avoid disease/injury by healthy individuals
What is secondary prevention?
Strategies to detect disease at earliest possible stage and bring cure before symptoms
What is tertiary prevention?
Strategies to minimise effects/ reduce progress of well-established disease
Where does health promotion happen?
Health of the Nation (1992)
What was health of the nation (1992)
1st attempt made by government to provide strategic approach to improving overall health of population
The 5 key target areas for HOTN (1992)
CHD and stroke, cancers, mental illness, HIV/AIDS, accidents
4 key risk factors (HOTN, 1992)
Smoking, diet and nutrition, blood pressure, HIV/AIDS and sharing needles
Review of HOTN- initially welcomed, but…
Flawed concepts and process
Didn’t change perspective and behaviour of health authorities
Little impact on NHS trust/ primary care teams’ behaviour
No local targets related to local needs
What is health promotion?
Process of enabling people to increase control over and improve health (Ottawa charter, 1987)
How does health promotion happen?
Motivating change and changing and maintaining change
What is the subsequent focus of health promotion?
Inequalities
What types of messages are included in motivating change?
Information-giving and persuasion
Information-giving messages must be
Correct, relevant and not too costly e.g. Clear and colourful step by step posters
Persuasive messages must
Not only be knowledge (weak correlation), bring about attitude change, doable so motivation is maintained
What makes an effective message?
Correct information, credible source, accessible, appropriate and readable language and a 2-sided argument
Information-framing findings
Schneider et al (2001): preventative good for sunscreen
Detweiler et al (1999): gain-framed messages motivate beach goers
What are theories of persuasion used for
Health education and promotion to influence attitudes, beliefs and behaviour
May include government incentives e.g taxing alcohol, free condoms
What are the theories of persuasion
Systematic processing model, cognitive response model and the dual process model
Systematic processing model hypotheses (McGuire, 1985)
Adoption of message depends on reception and comprehension of information
Persuasive impact is result of 5 steps: attention, comprehension, yielding, retention and behaviour
Cognitive response model hypotheses (Greenwald, 1968)
Not just giving and receiving messages- also individuals’ thoughts involved
Quality of argument determines response
Mental discussion with communicator (thoughts)
Support for cognitive response model (Greenwald, 1968)
Eagly and Chaiken (1993): personally relevant + strong argument = persuasion
Petty et al (1976): limited distraction and strong argument = persuasion
Dual process models
ELM (petty and cacippo, 1086) and HSM (Chaiken, 1980)- systematic and heuristic processing
Fear appeals
Fear arousing stimuli to provoke feeling of personal vulnerability
Fear appeals (early studies)
Low vs high- greater behavioural intentions with higher fear appeal (Sutton, 1982)
Limitations of fear appeals (Hastings and McFayden, 2002)
Not shocking, just annoying Doesn't affect me personality Already know what smoking's bad Not shocking enough to make them quit Ethical issues (e.g drug addict to school).
Enhancing self-efficacy (Bandura, 1997)
Mastery experiences, vicarious experiences, verbal persuasion, perception of physiological and affective states
Individual interventions for smoking
Rapid smoking, contingency smoking, nicotine replacement, professional workshops, e-cigarettes (debate)
Transthoretical model (TTM) (Prochaska and DiClemente (1983) development
Developed my self quitters and concepts from other models and psychotherapeutic interventions
Stages of Transthoretical model (TTM) (Prochaska and DiClemente (1983)
Precontemplatoion, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, termination
Strengths of TTM
Applies to any problem behaviour, proactive recruitment, fits intervention to individual
Criticism of TTM
Limited evidence of effectiveness; Prochaska’s team of non-psychologists
Application of TTM (Rollnick et al, 1992)
2 key concepts: ambivalence & readiness to change
Menu of 8 strategies:
Opening, more specific, a typical day/session, benefits and barriers, providing information, the future and the present, explore concerns, help with decision-making
Making psychological theory useful in health promotion (Miche et al, 2005)
Concensus paper: 12 domains to explain behaviour including knowledge, skills and social role and identity
Recommendations for implementation research (Miche et al, 2005):
To enhance understanding of behaviour change process, to test validity of these domains
NHS has trainee handbook based on evidence from
Abraham and Michie (2008): provide info about behaviour, consequences and follow up prompts
