Lifestyle changes And Health Promotion

Question 1

What is a complete state of well-being? (Ottowa and charter, 1987)

Answer 1

Identify and realise aspirations to satisfy needs, to change and cope with the environment

Question 2

When does health promotion happen?

Answer 2

Primary prevention, secondary prevention and tertiary prevention

Question 3

What is primary prevention?

Answer 3

Actions to avoid disease/injury by healthy individuals

Question 4

What is secondary prevention?

Answer 4

Strategies to detect disease at earliest possible stage and bring cure before symptoms

Question 5

What is tertiary prevention?

Answer 5

Strategies to minimise effects/ reduce progress of well-established disease

Question 6

Where does health promotion happen?

Answer 6

Health of the Nation (1992)

Question 7

What was health of the nation (1992)

Answer 7

1st attempt made by government to provide strategic approach to improving overall health of population

Question 8

The 5 key target areas for HOTN (1992)

Answer 8

CHD and stroke, cancers, mental illness, HIV/AIDS, accidents

Question 9

4 key risk factors (HOTN, 1992)

Answer 9

Smoking, diet and nutrition, blood pressure, HIV/AIDS and sharing needles

Question 10

Review of HOTN- initially welcomed, but…

Answer 10

Flawed concepts and process
Didn’t change perspective and behaviour of health authorities
Little impact on NHS trust/ primary care teams’ behaviour
No local targets related to local needs

Question 11

What is health promotion?

Answer 11

Process of enabling people to increase control over and improve health (Ottawa charter, 1987)

Question 12

How does health promotion happen?

Answer 12

Motivating change and changing and maintaining change

Question 13

What is the subsequent focus of health promotion?

Answer 13

Inequalities

Question 14

What types of messages are included in motivating change?

Answer 14

Information-giving and persuasion

Question 15

Information-giving messages must be

Answer 15

Correct, relevant and not too costly e.g. Clear and colourful step by step posters

Question 16

Persuasive messages must

Answer 16

Not only be knowledge (weak correlation), bring about attitude change, doable so motivation is maintained

Question 17

What makes an effective message?

Answer 17

Correct information, credible source, accessible, appropriate and readable language and a 2-sided argument

Question 18

Information-framing findings

Answer 18

Schneider et al (2001): preventative good for sunscreen

Detweiler et al (1999): gain-framed messages motivate beach goers

Question 19

What are theories of persuasion used for

Answer 19

Health education and promotion to influence attitudes, beliefs and behaviour

May include government incentives e.g taxing alcohol, free condoms

Question 20

What are the theories of persuasion

Answer 20

Systematic processing model, cognitive response model and the dual process model

Question 21

Systematic processing model hypotheses (McGuire, 1985)

Answer 21

Adoption of message depends on reception and comprehension of information

Persuasive impact is result of 5 steps: attention, comprehension, yielding, retention and behaviour

Question 22

Cognitive response model hypotheses (Greenwald, 1968)

Answer 22

Not just giving and receiving messages- also individuals’ thoughts involved

Quality of argument determines response

Mental discussion with communicator (thoughts)

Question 23

Support for cognitive response model (Greenwald, 1968)

Answer 23

Eagly and Chaiken (1993): personally relevant + strong argument = persuasion

Petty et al (1976): limited distraction and strong argument = persuasion

Question 24

Dual process models

Answer 24

ELM (petty and cacippo, 1086) and HSM (Chaiken, 1980)- systematic and heuristic processing

Question 25

Fear appeals

Answer 25

Fear arousing stimuli to provoke feeling of personal vulnerability

Question 26

Fear appeals (early studies)

Answer 26

Low vs high- greater behavioural intentions with higher fear appeal (Sutton, 1982)

Question 27

Limitations of fear appeals (Hastings and McFayden, 2002)

Answer 27

Not shocking, just annoying 
Doesn't affect me personality
Already know what smoking's bad
Not shocking enough to make them quit 
Ethical issues (e.g drug addict to school).

Question 28

Enhancing self-efficacy (Bandura, 1997)

Answer 28

Mastery experiences, vicarious experiences, verbal persuasion, perception of physiological and affective states

Question 29

Individual interventions for smoking

Answer 29

Rapid smoking, contingency smoking, nicotine replacement, professional workshops, e-cigarettes (debate)

Question 30

Transthoretical model (TTM) (Prochaska and DiClemente (1983) development

Answer 30

Developed my self quitters and concepts from other models and psychotherapeutic interventions

Question 31

Stages of Transthoretical model (TTM) (Prochaska and DiClemente (1983)

Answer 31

Precontemplatoion, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, termination

Question 32

Strengths of TTM

Answer 32

Applies to any problem behaviour, proactive recruitment, fits intervention to individual

Question 33

Criticism of TTM

Answer 33

Limited evidence of effectiveness; Prochaska’s team of non-psychologists

Question 34

Application of TTM (Rollnick et al, 1992)

Answer 34

2 key concepts: ambivalence & readiness to change
Menu of 8 strategies:
Opening, more specific, a typical day/session, benefits and barriers, providing information, the future and the present, explore concerns, help with decision-making

Question 35

Making psychological theory useful in health promotion (Miche et al, 2005)

Answer 35

Concensus paper: 12 domains to explain behaviour including knowledge, skills and social role and identity

Question 36

Recommendations for implementation research (Miche et al, 2005):

Answer 36

To enhance understanding of behaviour change process, to test validity of these domains

Question 37

NHS has trainee handbook based on evidence from

Answer 37

Abraham and Michie (2008): provide info about behaviour, consequences and follow up prompts