Lifespan Test 2 Chapter 4

Question 1

Behaviorists _ minimized human attachment need

Believed _ created infant’s need to be close to caregiver

Answer 1

(Watson, Skinner)/maternal reinforcing stimulus

Question 2

Appeared hostile to the idea of attachment

Crusaded against the dangers of ―too much‖ mother love

Answer 2

John Watson, strict behaviorist

Question 3

early evolutionary psychologists

Answer 3

Ethologists

Question 4

Believed in a biologically programmed attachment response

Research with goslings – ―imprinting‖

Answer 4

Konrad Lorenz

Question 5

▫Experiment with monkeys
Separated babies from mothers at birth
Found that contact comfort was important to bonding

Answer 5

Harry Harlow (1958)

Question 6

▫Conducted clinical work with children who were hospitalized and separated from their mothers
▫Promoted idea that a primary attachment figure is crucial to healthy development

Answer 6

John Bowlby (late 1960’s)

Question 7

Human beings have a critical period during the first year when the attachment response is programmed to emerge.

Answer 7

Bowlby’s evolutionary-based theory

Question 8

a survival response activated by threats occurring at any age

Answer 8

Proximity-seeking behavior—

Question 9

Two categories for threats to survival

Answer 9

May be activated by our internal state

May be evoked by dangers in the external worldTwo categories for threats to survival

Question 10

Reflex dominated time
2 months, social smile (example of automatic reflex, not in response to attachment figure)
Social smile evokes care and love

Answer 10

Pre-attachment Phase—birth to 3 months

Question 11

Slight preference for caregivers, but still responds to everyone

Answer 11

Attachment in the making—4 to 7 months

Question 12

Stranger-anxiety and separation anxiety appear

Social referencing

Answer 12

Clear-cut (focused) attachment—7 to 8 months

Question 13

▫About age 3, child develops cognitive inner representation of attachment figure.
▫When child is under stress, the need to make contact is very important.
▫Responsive caregiver will fortify attachment bond.

Answer 13

Working Model phase—

Question 14

Measures individual variations in attachment response during ―clear-cut‖ stage
Planned separations and reunions of child and primary caregiver

Answer 14

The Strange Situation: Mary Ainsworth

Question 15

Child uses primary caregiver as a secure base from which to explore
Child reacts with joy upon caregiver’s return

Answer 15

Securely Attached

Question 16

Avoidant

Appears detached; indifferent upon mother’s return

Answer 16

Insecurely Attached

Question 17

Clingy, fearful, fear of exploration

Severe distress when mother leaves; contradictory emotions upon return; often inconsolable

Answer 17

Anxious-Ambivalent

Question 18

Bizarre behaviors; may freeze, look frightened, may flee

Often result of abuse

Answer 18

Disorganized

Question 19

Caregiver and infant respond emotionally to each other in a sensitive, attuned way
Ainsworth & Bowlby—parent’s sensitivity to baby’s signals are foundation for secure attachment

Answer 19

Synchrony

Question 20

Insecurely attached babies may have parents who:

Answer 20

misread signals

may be rejecting, disengaged, or depressed

Question 21

characteristic behavioral style of approaching the world

Answer 21

Temperament

Question 22

Baby’s temperament and quality of caregiving will influence attachment style.

Answer 22

Easy
Slow to Warm-up
Difficult

Question 23

Synchrony with infant is difficult when other relationships are

Answer 23

failing

Question 24

Lack of support produces

Answer 24

caregiver stress.

Question 25

Universally, babies attach at about the same age.
•Secure attachment ratings are similar worldwide.
•Efe Tribe of Central Africa:

Answer 25

▫Child has multiple caregivers

▫Still attach at typical age to primary caregiver!

Question 26

▫Inner working model of attachment determines how we relate to others and feel about ourselves.
▫Research supports this model.

Answer 26

Bowlby - Infant Attachment—Does It Predict Later Development?

Question 27

Life stress may change attachment from secure to insecure.

Responsive caregiving can change attachment from insecure to secure!

Answer 27

Attachment styles can change over time!

Question 28

Early attachment styles lay the foundation for what could be either healthy or unhealthy development.

Answer 28

Infancy is a special zone of sensitivity for our ability to form relationships.

Question 29

▫Nurture provided by primary caregiver
▫Infant’s temperament
▫Other environmental forces

Answer 29

Forces influencing attachment styles:

Question 30

During childhood, poverty may compromise health (e.g., low birth weight, stressed mother).
Poverty may have long-term educational impact.
Poverty during first 4 years of life makes it statistically less likely for a child to graduate from high school.
May enter school ―left behind‖
Less access to quality preschools, enriching toys, trips to museums
Less concrete breathing space to learn (e.g., substandard housing; dangerous neighborhood)

Answer 30

Poverty and Development: Research Findings

Question 31

Federal program offering high-quality day care and other services to children ages 3-5 from low-income families
Preparation for entrance to kindergarten

Answer 31

Head Start

Question 32

Federal program that provides counseling and other services to low-income parents and children under age 3

Answer 32

Early Head Start

Question 33

▫Spouse may stay at home
▫Grandma or Grandpa
▫Nanny, babysitters
▫Family Day Care
▫Day-Care Centers

Answer 33

Options when mother returns to work

Question 34

▫Quality of parenting and attachment relationship at home outweigh time spent in day care.

Answer 34

NICHD Early Child Care Research Network (2006)

Question 35

Beginning early in life, long hours in day care predict an elevated risk of _ behaviors until age 15.

Answer 35

Acting Out - NOTE! Correlations are weak!!

Question 36

For certain at-risk infants and toddlers, high-quality day care can

Answer 36

protect against behavior problems later.

Question 37

Choosing Child Care

Answer 37

Consider the caregiver, Are they nurtutring do they love babies. Are they interested in providing a good deal of verbal stimulation to children.
Ask about stability or staff turnover.have caregivers left in the last few months. can my infant have the same caregfivers if she moves to the toddler room.
Look for low caregiver to baby ratio ( and a small group).The ideal is one caregiver to every two to three babies.
Look at physical setting. Is it safe and clean set up with childrens needs in mind.

Question 38

Choosing Child Care addtional …

Answer 38

For infants and toddlers in fulltime care, limit exposure by having a child take occasional vacations or building in special time witht he child everyday.
Consider a childs tempermant. Highly anxious toddlers or very active toddlers have special trouble coping with less then optimal care.

Question 39

Understanding of ―self‖ and self-conscious emotions appear
May feel proud or ashamed
Need to explore

Answer 39

Task of toddlerhood: to be autonomous selves

Question 40

Erikson’s negative outcome:

Answer 40

Shame and Doubt

Question 41

Erik Erikson’s Age of Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt

Answer 41

toddlerhood ages 1 to 2 (autonomy versus shame and doubt)

Question 42

The process by which children are taught to obey the norms of society and to behave in socially appropriate ways

Answer 42

Toddlerhood: Socialization

Question 43

is difficult at age 2.
Improves dramatically from age 2 to 4
Exuberant, joyful, fearless toddlers more difficult to socialize!

Answer 43

Self-regulation

Question 44

Do Shy and Exuberant Children Differ Dramatically in Self-Control?

Answer 44

Research demonstrates:
Toddlers at the high end of the fearless, joyous, and angry continuum show less ―morality‖ at age 4.
Does power assertion work when disciplining?
Better to redirect behavior and provide positive reinforcement

Question 45

Providing the Right Temperament−Socialization Fit
Shy-
Exuberant-

Answer 45

Do not overprotect.
Gently expose a shy toddler to new situations.

Develop a strong attachment bond.
Resist power assertion.

Question 46

Goodness-of-Fit: an ideal parenting strategy

Answer 46

Arrange your child’s environment to suit his/her temperamental style.
Minimize vulnerabilities.
Accentuate strengths.