lifespan development - social and emotional Flashcards

1
Q

what is emotion regulation?

A

the processes by which we evaluate and modify our emotional reactions

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2
Q

what is social referencing?

A

the processes by which infants or children use the emotional responses of another person to guide their actions

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3
Q

what is temperament?

A

a biologically based general style of reacting emotionally to behaviourally to the environment

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4
Q

what are Erikson’s psychosocial stages?

A

each stage involves a different ‘crisis’ over how we view ourselves in relation to other people and the world

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5
Q

what is imprinting?

A

a sudden, biologically primed form of attachment

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6
Q

what is attachment?

A

the strong emotional bond that develops between children and their primary carers

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7
Q

what is stranger anxiety?

A

distress over contact with unfamiliar people

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8
Q

what is separation anxiety?

A

distress over being separated from a primary caregiver

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9
Q

what is the strange situation?

A

a standardised procedure for examining infant attachment

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10
Q

what is the still face paradigm?

A

an infant is presented with a situation in which their parent looks at them without moving their face

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11
Q

what are authoritative parents?

A

controlling but warm

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12
Q

what are authoritarian parents?

A

exert control but do so within a cold unresponsive or rejecting relationship

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13
Q

what are the stages of the strange situation?

A

1 - mother and baby play together
2 - a stranger enters
3 - mother leaves baby with stranger
4 - mother and baby reunites, stranger leaves
5 - mother leaves
6 - stranger enters and tries to comfort baby
7 - mother returns

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14
Q

what are indulgent parents?

A

have warm, caring relationships with their children but do not provide the guidance and discipline that help children learn responsibility and concern for others

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15
Q

what are neglectful parents?

A

provide neither warmth nor rules nor guidance

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16
Q

what is gender identity?

A

a sense of ‘femaleness’ or ‘maleness’ that becomes a central aspect of one’s personal identity

17
Q

what is gender constancy?

A

the understanding that being male or female is a permanent part of a person

18
Q

what is gender typing?

A

treating others differently based on whether they are female or male

19
Q

what is pre-conventional moral reasoning?

A

based on anticipated punishments or rewards

20
Q

what is conventional moral reasoning?

A

based on conformity to social expectations, laws and duties

21
Q

what is post-conventional moral reasoning?

A

based on well-thought-out, general moral principles

22
Q

what is adolescence?

A

the period of development and gradual transition between childhood and adulthood

23
Q

what is puberty?

A

the period of rapid maturation in which the person becomes capable of sexual reproduction

24
Q

what is emotional competence?

A

emotional expression and ability to regulate emotions

25
Q

what is the difference between inhibited and uninhibited infants?

A
inhibited = quiet, shy, cautious of new people, places and things 
uninhibited = more social, verbal and spontaneous
26
Q

what are eriksons psychosocial stages?

A
infancy (0-1): basic trust vs mistrust 
toddlerhood (1-2): autonomy vs shame and doubt 
early childhood (3-5): initiative vs guilt 
middle childhood (6-12): industry vs inferiority
adolescence (12-19): identity vs role confusion
early adulthood (20-30): intimacy vs isolation 
middle adulthood (40-64): generativity vs stagnation
late adulthood (65+): integrity vs despair
27
Q

what are attachment relationships?

A

social bonds formed between the adult and the infant

28
Q

what is contact comfort?

A

body contact with a comforting object

29
Q

what are Bowlby’s phases of attachment?

A
  • indiscriminate attachment = babies behave the same to all adults
  • discriminating attachment behaviour = attachment directed to familiar caregivers over strangers
  • specific attachment behaviour = meaningful attachment to one caregiver
  • goal-corrected attachment behaviour = the child learns to take account of parents needs when seeking attention i.e. waiting until they are no longer talking to someone
  • lessening of attachment = children become happier to spend significant amounts of time away from the attachment figure
30
Q

what are the types of attachment that stemmed from the strange situation?

A
  • secure attachment = some stranger and separation anxiety, seek and accept comfort, return to play quickly
  • anxious-avoidant = children ignore parent on reunion, remain occupied with toys, show no distress and may ignore caregiver in favour of toys
  • anxious-resistant = require comfort on reunion but parents are unable to sooth them. huge distress over separation and child may show anger
  • disorganised attachment = show signs of disorganised behaviour such as crying then running away or disorientation
31
Q

what are the two key dimensions of parent behaviour?

A

1) warmth vs hostility

2) restrictiveness vs permissiveness

32
Q

what are gender role stereotypes?

A

acquired beliefs about the characteristics that are appropriate for boys and girls to express or possess.

33
Q

what are the three levels (and 6 stages within them) of moral reasoning?

A

level 1 - pre-conventional (action directed due to punishment or reward rather than internalised values)
- stage 1 - punishment-obedience orientation
- stage 2 - instrumental-hedonistic orientation
level 2 - conventional (conformity to the expectations of social groups)
- stage 3 - good-child orientation
- stage 4 - law-and-order orientation
level 3 post-conventional (moral principles have been internalised as part of ones own value system)
- stage 5 - social-contract orientation
- stage 6 - universal ethical principles

34
Q

what cross-cultural findings are there on moral reasoning?

A
  • from childhood through adolescence moral reasoning advances from the pre-conventional to conventional level
  • post-conventional reasoning is relatively uncommon even in adulthood
  • a persons moral judgements do not always reflect the same stage within levels
35
Q

what did Erikson believe was included in the crisis ‘identity vs role confusion’ in adolescents? and how was their identity status defined?

A

1) identity confusion = teens who had not gone through an identity crisis and were not committed to a coherent set of values
2) foreclosure = people who had not gone through an identity crisis because they had been peer pressured into adopting a set of moral beliefs too early
3) moratorium = currently experiencing a crisis that has not yet been resolved
4) identity achievement = individuals who had gone through an identity crisis and successfully resolved it

36
Q

what are some components of identity?

A
  • gender, ethnicity and how we define ourselves within society
  • our personal characteristics (shy, friendly etc.)
  • our goals and values
37
Q

what are the four types of attachment in adults?

A
  • autonomous = adults who are able to reflect objectively and openly about previous attachment relationships even when not positive
  • dismissive = adults who dismiss the importance of attachment relationships
  • enmeshed = adults who think a lot about their dependency on their parents and worry about pleasing them
  • unresolved = adults who have experienced a traumatic attachment and are still resolving their thoughts on this
38
Q

what are the stages of a career in adulthood?

A
  • growth stage
  • exploration stage
  • establishment stage
  • maintenance stage
  • decline stage
39
Q

what are the five stages when dealing with a diagnosis of a terminal illness?

A
  • denial
  • anger
  • bargaining
  • depression
  • acceptance