lifespan development - social and emotional Flashcards
what is emotion regulation?
the processes by which we evaluate and modify our emotional reactions
what is social referencing?
the processes by which infants or children use the emotional responses of another person to guide their actions
what is temperament?
a biologically based general style of reacting emotionally to behaviourally to the environment
what are Erikson’s psychosocial stages?
each stage involves a different ‘crisis’ over how we view ourselves in relation to other people and the world
what is imprinting?
a sudden, biologically primed form of attachment
what is attachment?
the strong emotional bond that develops between children and their primary carers
what is stranger anxiety?
distress over contact with unfamiliar people
what is separation anxiety?
distress over being separated from a primary caregiver
what is the strange situation?
a standardised procedure for examining infant attachment
what is the still face paradigm?
an infant is presented with a situation in which their parent looks at them without moving their face
what are authoritative parents?
controlling but warm
what are authoritarian parents?
exert control but do so within a cold unresponsive or rejecting relationship
what are the stages of the strange situation?
1 - mother and baby play together
2 - a stranger enters
3 - mother leaves baby with stranger
4 - mother and baby reunites, stranger leaves
5 - mother leaves
6 - stranger enters and tries to comfort baby
7 - mother returns
what are indulgent parents?
have warm, caring relationships with their children but do not provide the guidance and discipline that help children learn responsibility and concern for others
what are neglectful parents?
provide neither warmth nor rules nor guidance
what is gender identity?
a sense of ‘femaleness’ or ‘maleness’ that becomes a central aspect of one’s personal identity
what is gender constancy?
the understanding that being male or female is a permanent part of a person
what is gender typing?
treating others differently based on whether they are female or male
what is pre-conventional moral reasoning?
based on anticipated punishments or rewards
what is conventional moral reasoning?
based on conformity to social expectations, laws and duties
what is post-conventional moral reasoning?
based on well-thought-out, general moral principles
what is adolescence?
the period of development and gradual transition between childhood and adulthood
what is puberty?
the period of rapid maturation in which the person becomes capable of sexual reproduction
what is emotional competence?
emotional expression and ability to regulate emotions
what is the difference between inhibited and uninhibited infants?
inhibited = quiet, shy, cautious of new people, places and things uninhibited = more social, verbal and spontaneous
what are eriksons psychosocial stages?
infancy (0-1): basic trust vs mistrust toddlerhood (1-2): autonomy vs shame and doubt early childhood (3-5): initiative vs guilt middle childhood (6-12): industry vs inferiority adolescence (12-19): identity vs role confusion early adulthood (20-30): intimacy vs isolation middle adulthood (40-64): generativity vs stagnation late adulthood (65+): integrity vs despair
what are attachment relationships?
social bonds formed between the adult and the infant
what is contact comfort?
body contact with a comforting object
what are Bowlby’s phases of attachment?
- indiscriminate attachment = babies behave the same to all adults
- discriminating attachment behaviour = attachment directed to familiar caregivers over strangers
- specific attachment behaviour = meaningful attachment to one caregiver
- goal-corrected attachment behaviour = the child learns to take account of parents needs when seeking attention i.e. waiting until they are no longer talking to someone
- lessening of attachment = children become happier to spend significant amounts of time away from the attachment figure
what are the types of attachment that stemmed from the strange situation?
- secure attachment = some stranger and separation anxiety, seek and accept comfort, return to play quickly
- anxious-avoidant = children ignore parent on reunion, remain occupied with toys, show no distress and may ignore caregiver in favour of toys
- anxious-resistant = require comfort on reunion but parents are unable to sooth them. huge distress over separation and child may show anger
- disorganised attachment = show signs of disorganised behaviour such as crying then running away or disorientation
what are the two key dimensions of parent behaviour?
1) warmth vs hostility
2) restrictiveness vs permissiveness
what are gender role stereotypes?
acquired beliefs about the characteristics that are appropriate for boys and girls to express or possess.
what are the three levels (and 6 stages within them) of moral reasoning?
level 1 - pre-conventional (action directed due to punishment or reward rather than internalised values)
- stage 1 - punishment-obedience orientation
- stage 2 - instrumental-hedonistic orientation
level 2 - conventional (conformity to the expectations of social groups)
- stage 3 - good-child orientation
- stage 4 - law-and-order orientation
level 3 post-conventional (moral principles have been internalised as part of ones own value system)
- stage 5 - social-contract orientation
- stage 6 - universal ethical principles
what cross-cultural findings are there on moral reasoning?
- from childhood through adolescence moral reasoning advances from the pre-conventional to conventional level
- post-conventional reasoning is relatively uncommon even in adulthood
- a persons moral judgements do not always reflect the same stage within levels
what did Erikson believe was included in the crisis ‘identity vs role confusion’ in adolescents? and how was their identity status defined?
1) identity confusion = teens who had not gone through an identity crisis and were not committed to a coherent set of values
2) foreclosure = people who had not gone through an identity crisis because they had been peer pressured into adopting a set of moral beliefs too early
3) moratorium = currently experiencing a crisis that has not yet been resolved
4) identity achievement = individuals who had gone through an identity crisis and successfully resolved it
what are some components of identity?
- gender, ethnicity and how we define ourselves within society
- our personal characteristics (shy, friendly etc.)
- our goals and values
what are the four types of attachment in adults?
- autonomous = adults who are able to reflect objectively and openly about previous attachment relationships even when not positive
- dismissive = adults who dismiss the importance of attachment relationships
- enmeshed = adults who think a lot about their dependency on their parents and worry about pleasing them
- unresolved = adults who have experienced a traumatic attachment and are still resolving their thoughts on this
what are the stages of a career in adulthood?
- growth stage
- exploration stage
- establishment stage
- maintenance stage
- decline stage
what are the five stages when dealing with a diagnosis of a terminal illness?
- denial
- anger
- bargaining
- depression
- acceptance
