lifespan development - social and emotional

Question 1

what is emotion regulation?

Answer 1

the processes by which we evaluate and modify our emotional reactions

Question 2

what is social referencing?

Answer 2

the processes by which infants or children use the emotional responses of another person to guide their actions

Question 3

what is temperament?

Answer 3

a biologically based general style of reacting emotionally to behaviourally to the environment

Question 4

what are Erikson’s psychosocial stages?

Answer 4

each stage involves a different ‘crisis’ over how we view ourselves in relation to other people and the world

Question 5

what is imprinting?

Answer 5

a sudden, biologically primed form of attachment

Question 6

what is attachment?

Answer 6

the strong emotional bond that develops between children and their primary carers

Question 7

what is stranger anxiety?

Answer 7

distress over contact with unfamiliar people

Question 8

what is separation anxiety?

Answer 8

distress over being separated from a primary caregiver

Question 9

what is the strange situation?

Answer 9

a standardised procedure for examining infant attachment

Question 10

what is the still face paradigm?

Answer 10

an infant is presented with a situation in which their parent looks at them without moving their face

Question 11

what are authoritative parents?

Answer 11

controlling but warm

Question 12

what are authoritarian parents?

Answer 12

exert control but do so within a cold unresponsive or rejecting relationship

Question 13

what are the stages of the strange situation?

Answer 13

1 - mother and baby play together
2 - a stranger enters
3 - mother leaves baby with stranger
4 - mother and baby reunites, stranger leaves
5 - mother leaves
6 - stranger enters and tries to comfort baby
7 - mother returns

Question 14

what are indulgent parents?

Answer 14

have warm, caring relationships with their children but do not provide the guidance and discipline that help children learn responsibility and concern for others

Question 15

what are neglectful parents?

Answer 15

provide neither warmth nor rules nor guidance

Question 16

what is gender identity?

Answer 16

a sense of ‘femaleness’ or ‘maleness’ that becomes a central aspect of one’s personal identity

Question 17

what is gender constancy?

Answer 17

the understanding that being male or female is a permanent part of a person

Question 18

what is gender typing?

Answer 18

treating others differently based on whether they are female or male

Question 19

what is pre-conventional moral reasoning?

Answer 19

based on anticipated punishments or rewards

Question 20

what is conventional moral reasoning?

Answer 20

based on conformity to social expectations, laws and duties

Question 21

what is post-conventional moral reasoning?

Answer 21

based on well-thought-out, general moral principles

Question 22

what is adolescence?

Answer 22

the period of development and gradual transition between childhood and adulthood

Question 23

what is puberty?

Answer 23

the period of rapid maturation in which the person becomes capable of sexual reproduction

Question 24

what is emotional competence?

Answer 24

emotional expression and ability to regulate emotions

Question 25

what is the difference between inhibited and uninhibited infants?

Answer 25

inhibited = quiet, shy, cautious of new people, places and things 
uninhibited = more social, verbal and spontaneous

Question 26

what are eriksons psychosocial stages?

Answer 26

infancy (0-1): basic trust vs mistrust 
toddlerhood (1-2): autonomy vs shame and doubt 
early childhood (3-5): initiative vs guilt 
middle childhood (6-12): industry vs inferiority
adolescence (12-19): identity vs role confusion
early adulthood (20-30): intimacy vs isolation 
middle adulthood (40-64): generativity vs stagnation
late adulthood (65+): integrity vs despair

Question 27

what are attachment relationships?

Answer 27

social bonds formed between the adult and the infant

Question 28

what is contact comfort?

Answer 28

body contact with a comforting object

Question 29

what are Bowlby’s phases of attachment?

Answer 29

• indiscriminate attachment = babies behave the same to all adults
• discriminating attachment behaviour = attachment directed to familiar caregivers over strangers
• specific attachment behaviour = meaningful attachment to one caregiver
• goal-corrected attachment behaviour = the child learns to take account of parents needs when seeking attention i.e. waiting until they are no longer talking to someone
• lessening of attachment = children become happier to spend significant amounts of time away from the attachment figure

Question 30

what are the types of attachment that stemmed from the strange situation?

Answer 30

• secure attachment = some stranger and separation anxiety, seek and accept comfort, return to play quickly
• anxious-avoidant = children ignore parent on reunion, remain occupied with toys, show no distress and may ignore caregiver in favour of toys
• anxious-resistant = require comfort on reunion but parents are unable to sooth them. huge distress over separation and child may show anger
• disorganised attachment = show signs of disorganised behaviour such as crying then running away or disorientation

Question 31

what are the two key dimensions of parent behaviour?

Answer 31

1) warmth vs hostility

2) restrictiveness vs permissiveness

Question 32

what are gender role stereotypes?

Answer 32

acquired beliefs about the characteristics that are appropriate for boys and girls to express or possess.

Question 33

what are the three levels (and 6 stages within them) of moral reasoning?

Answer 33

level 1 - pre-conventional (action directed due to punishment or reward rather than internalised values)
- stage 1 - punishment-obedience orientation
- stage 2 - instrumental-hedonistic orientation
level 2 - conventional (conformity to the expectations of social groups)
- stage 3 - good-child orientation
- stage 4 - law-and-order orientation
level 3 post-conventional (moral principles have been internalised as part of ones own value system)
- stage 5 - social-contract orientation
- stage 6 - universal ethical principles

Question 34

what cross-cultural findings are there on moral reasoning?

Answer 34

• from childhood through adolescence moral reasoning advances from the pre-conventional to conventional level
• post-conventional reasoning is relatively uncommon even in adulthood
• a persons moral judgements do not always reflect the same stage within levels

Question 35

what did Erikson believe was included in the crisis ‘identity vs role confusion’ in adolescents? and how was their identity status defined?

Answer 35

1) identity confusion = teens who had not gone through an identity crisis and were not committed to a coherent set of values
2) foreclosure = people who had not gone through an identity crisis because they had been peer pressured into adopting a set of moral beliefs too early
3) moratorium = currently experiencing a crisis that has not yet been resolved
4) identity achievement = individuals who had gone through an identity crisis and successfully resolved it

Question 36

what are some components of identity?

Answer 36

• gender, ethnicity and how we define ourselves within society
• our personal characteristics (shy, friendly etc.)
• our goals and values

Question 37

what are the four types of attachment in adults?

Answer 37

• autonomous = adults who are able to reflect objectively and openly about previous attachment relationships even when not positive
• dismissive = adults who dismiss the importance of attachment relationships
• enmeshed = adults who think a lot about their dependency on their parents and worry about pleasing them
• unresolved = adults who have experienced a traumatic attachment and are still resolving their thoughts on this

Question 38

what are the stages of a career in adulthood?

Answer 38

• growth stage
• exploration stage
• establishment stage
• maintenance stage
• decline stage

Question 39

what are the five stages when dealing with a diagnosis of a terminal illness?

Answer 39

• denial
• anger
• bargaining
• depression
• acceptance