Lifespan Development for Paramedics Flashcards
Human Development
Physical, cognitive and psychosocial development of humans throughout a lifespan
Physical - baby to adult
Crawling, running, speach, cordination, fine and gross motor skills
Cognitive - baby to adult
Talking, reasoning, bargain, bribery, logical thinking
Psychosocial - Baby to Adult
Emotional, social roles, relationship, dating and romance
Development - continuous and discontinuous
Continuous: Gradual and cumulative process
Discontinuous: Takes place in unique stages at specific times and ages
Nature vs Nurture
Nature: Biology and Genetics
Nurture: Environment and Culture
Igmund Freud
Personality forms in the few years as a result of how parents and caregivers impact us
ID - born with it. Instincts (INFANTS)
Ego - Rational part of our personality (1-3)
Superego - social rules and right and wrong. strive for perfection (5+)
Erik Erikson
Develop through 8 stages in life, not just childhood. Social relationships are important at each stage of development
Jean Piaget
Children’s intelligence differ from adults. Children of different ages interpret the world differently ( schema, assimilation, accommodation)
Behavioural Conditioning
A theory of learning that we respond to events or stimuli rather than internal factors that motivate our actions
Classical conditioning
Learning through association - Ivan Pavlov and his dog
Operant conditioning
Learning through consequence - alters behaviour depending on a reward/punishment system
Observational Learning
Learning through Observation
John B watson
Distinctions between Adults and children.. Human behaviour can be understood in terms of experiences and learning - LITTLE ALBERT EXPERIMENT
Information processing theory
Humans process the information they receive rather than merely responding to stimuli. Mind = computer which is responsible for analysing information from the environment
Prenatal development stages
Term pregnancy 37-42 weeks.
Trimester 1 - 0-12 weeks
Trimester 2 - 12-28weeks
trimester 3 - 28-40 weeks.
Embyonic period 2 weeks to 3 months.
Less than 23 weeks not viable due to physical immaturity.
FHR - 110-160Bpm
Newborn/Infancy Vitals
Newborn - younger than 28 days.
Infant - 28 to 1 year
HR: 110-160bpm
Respiratory: 40/60 breathspm
Blood presure: 70mmHg
Temp: 36.7
Newborn/infant development (memoriese 2)
- Posterior fontanel↔Remains open until 3 months, room for brain growth.
- Anterior fontanel↔Remains open 9-18 months after birth
- Sleep↔Important for brain function. Average 16-18 hours a day. Sleep wakefulness evenly distributed over 24 hours. SLeep pattern gradually decreases, during the day with 9-10 hours at night
- Reflexes↔7 months - sitting up. 9 months - crawling. 12 months - walking. ROutine reflex - turn head to hand. Step reflex
- Nervous system↔End of first year, mature nerve development complete. Muscles matured enough for standing and walking with little to no assistance
Toddler (1-3) Vitals
- Hr - 80 - 130bpm. Preschoolers 80-100
- RR - 20 - 30 breaths/min
- Blood pressure - 70-100 mmHg
- Temp - 36 deg
Toddler development
- Cognitive and Psychosocial↔Learn through play, trial and boundaires, pretending.
- Capable of play @ 10months. Capable of cooperation at 18months.
- Language development is key↔babbling, signed and verbal, building sentences.
- Terrible 2’s↔Negativsm. Say no
- Social↔Converse, initiate activities, assert themseles, resolve disputes
Early Childhood (3-5) Vitals
- Hr - 80-100 bpm
- rr - 20-24 breaths
- bp - 95-110mmHg
- Temp - 36-37.6 degrees
Early childhood Development
- Muscle mass and bone density increase. Fine motor skills develop.
- Passive immunity no longer protects. More susceptible to minor respirartory and gastrointestinal infections.
- Toilet training.
- Social pretend. Make believe and fantasy play begin.
Childhood (6-12)
- Hr 80-100bpm
- rr 16-22 breaths
- bp - 100-120mmHg
- Temp 36-37.6
School is vital - for cognition and social interactions. Knowing the meaning of boy and girl. Gender constancy. Development of sex-role stereotypes
Adolescence (12-19) Vitals
- Hr- 60-100bpm
- RR- 16-20 breaths
- BP - 100-120 mmHg
- Temperature - 36-37.6
Adolescence Development
- Physical growth spurt over 2-3 years.
- Pubery (hormonal change). External changes - Breast development, facial and pubic hair.
- Onset of menarche.
- Psychosocial development - may try on identities. Develop adult personality. Emotionally move towards peers
Adulthood Vitals
Early - 20-40
Middle - 41-60
late - 61+
- Hr 70bpm
- rr 16 - 20 breaths
- Bp 120/80 mmhg
- Temp - 37 deg
Pregnancy duration
av. 266 d ays (38 wks) post ovulation
First trimester development (0-12)
Nausea w/ w.o vomiting, brest tenderness, fatigue
Second Trimester (12-28) development
Uterus becomes abdominal organ. Nausea usually past, foetus moving. Maternal blood increases by 4/50%. Heart rate increases 1/20 bpm
Third trimester (28-40) development
Episodes of fatigue and increased urinary frequency. Enlarged uterus displaces heart to left. Blood pressure increases slightly.
Endocrine system in Pregnancy
Responsible for physiological changes. Causes alteration in hormone production and sectretion.
Progesterone
‘The’ hormone of pregnancy. relaxes smoothe muscle in blood vesles uterus and GIT. - increase bod temp, causes nausea and vomiting.
Oestrogen
Growth simulator. Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of uterine muscle. Growth and development of breasts.
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG)
Maintains steroid hormones in pregnancy. Maintains preganncy unil placenta takes over (approx 11 weeks) - presence confirms successful fertilisation
Human Placental Lactogen
Stimulates growth of maternal and foetal tissues. Protects foetus from rejection. Antagonistic to insulin - maintains maternal glucose uptake
Relaxin
Made in the placenta and ovaries. Soften elastic ligaments of pelvic bones. . and allows mobilisation and growth of uterus
Thyroid Gland
Pregnancy mimics hyperthyroidism. BMR icnreases by 20-25%. Increase of appetite. Increase fatigue
Uterine Changes
Uterus starts as pear shaped organ. Height of uterus = number of weeks gestation. 12wks, fundus can be palpated. 20wks fundus reaches maternal umbilicus. 36wks reaches xiphisternum (bottom of sternum)
Braxton hicks contractions
Painless uterine tension felt through adominal wall. Improve uterine blood flow and foetal oxygenation. Prepare body for labour.
Cervical changes
Increase in mass, length and width.. Thick secrete mucus to make mucus plug (operculum)
Circulatory changes
Increase metabolic demand. Expansion of vascular channels. Blood pressure during 2nd trimester decreases. Cardiac output increases 30-50%. Heart swells 12%, displaced up and rotated forward. Blood volumte increase 30-50% (
Spine hypotension
Impede venous return from inferior vena cava - Decreae maternal and foetal oxygenation
Blood volume during pregnancy
Acceptible loss in v. delivery 0.5l
acceptible loss in c section - 1l.
Iron is required for growth of foetus and placenta. Anemia develops if Fe stores <110g/l
Respiratory changes
Increases o2 requirements to meet metablic rate and tissue growth. Capilary dilation, engorgement of nasopharynx, trachea and bronchi. nasal and sinus stuffiness, epistaxis (nosebleed). Diagram elevated by 4cm.
Antenatal Assessment
- Gestation age
- Presence of cramping, bleeding or spotting
- Foetal heart rate
- Position of foetus?
- Foetal movements felt?
- Membranes intact?
- Gravida (How many times they have been pregnant) /parity (How many babies born alive beforehand)
- Maternal Blood pressure
- Pyrexia (Fever)
- Presence of Disease - past medical history
Placenta
Formed by fertilised ovum. Starts to develop once the ovum implanted in the endometrium. Begins to function by w4, fully functioning by wk10. Maternal surface adhere to uterine wall (rough and dark red). Foetus is shiny and slightly grey.
Foetal circulation
Varies significantly fro madult circulation. 3 circulatory shunts
-Ductus Venosus (bypass liver)
- Foramen Ovale (gap between upper chambers of heart)
- Ductus arteriosus (bypass lungs
Names for different baby ages
Newborn - first few horus
Neonate - 28days
infant - 28 to 1year
Viability for baby to survive outside the uterus - 223 weeks. Alveoli development. Prior to this, gas exchange not possible