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Psychology 2 > Lifespan Development > Flashcards

Lifespan Development Flashcards

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1
Q

Terms

A

Prenatal - conception to birth

Infancy - birth to 18 months

Early Childhood - 18 months to 6 years

Middle Childhood - 6-12 years

Adolescence - 12-20 years

Young Adulthood - 20-45 years

Middle Adulthood - 45-60 years

Late Adulthood - 60 years to death

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2
Q

Stroop Effect

A

John Stroop (1935)

Increased reaction time when you need to name the colour of an incongruously printed word.

Demonstrates difficulty in inhibiting an automatic response (reading the word).

Need to consciously control behaviour.

Executive functioning - controlling, organising and planning your behaviour.

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3
Q

Physical and Motor Development

A

The physical changes within the central nervous system.

  • maturational
  • driven by the environment

The development of key motor skills

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4
Q

Cognitive Development

A

The development of cognitive abilities.

  • memory, thinking, perceiving and understanding the world.
  • understand the causes and mechanism that drive the development of cognitive abilities.
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5
Q

Episodic Memory

A

Receives and stores information about temporal dated episode or event and the relation between these events.

Traditional memories.

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6
Q

Emotional Development

A

The development of expressing, understanding and control of emotions.

The development and consequences of emotional bonds.

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7
Q

Social Development

A

The impact of the social world on the development of the child.

The development of social behaviour and understanding of the social world.

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8
Q

Prenatal Stages of Development

A 
Zygote Stage (conception and implantation). 
0-2 weeks.

Embryonic Stage
3-8 weeks.

Foetus
9-38 weeks.

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9
Q

Zygote Stage

A

Day 0- conception
Ovum and sperm fuse to form a zygote.

Day 6
Zygote is down the Fallopian tube.
Cells divide to form a sphere

Day 7-14
Zygote implants on the uterus lining.

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10
Q

Embryonic Stage

A

Involves the development of major structures and organs.
Period of intense vulnerability.

Week 3
Cells differentiate
Neural tube begins to form
Heart beating by end of week

Week 4
Heart visible
Blood vessels and lungs begin to develop
Neural tube closes

Week 6
Limbs visible
Nose and ears develop 
Facial structures fuse
Brain has divided into 3 main sections 
Week 8
Facial features present
Fingers and toes present
All major organs present
Around 1.5 inches long
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11
Q

Foetal Period

A

Lasts roughly 32 weeks.

Continued development of organs.

Viability starts around 23-24 weeks.

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12
Q

Foetal Behaviour

A

Movement starts around 5-6 weeks.

Behaviours that develop:
Moving limbs, head
Swallowing 
Breathing 
Hiccuping

Behaviour is cyclical

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13
Q

Foetal Development

A

By week 16, foetuses can experience taste and smell. Amniotic fluid has different tastes and smell.
Baby swallows roughly 1 litre a day.

Whatever you taste, baby tastes.
What is eaten here can influence baby food preferences.

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14
Q

Foetal Development- hearing

A

9 weeks
Ears begin to develop

18 weeks
Babies can hear sounds

25 weeks
Foetus can recognise and respond to the mother’s voice.

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15
Q

Foetal Development: Teratogens

A

Foreign agent that can cause abnormalities in the foetus and embryo.

Examples:

Illegal drugs
Legal, medicinal drugs
Alcohol/Tobacco
Disease

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16
Q

Teratogens: Drugs

A

Cocaine
Growth retardation, irritability, withdrawal symptoms, hyper activity.

Heroin
Low birth weight, shrunken head circumference, cognitive impairments.

Smoking
Lower birth weight, growth retardation, premature birth.

Thalidomide
50% mortality rate, severe birth defects in limbs, eyes, heart and brain.

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17
Q

Teratogens: Disease

A

Rubella
Deafness, cataracts, heart defects.

Chickenpox
Skin scarring, eye, brain, limb and stomach abnormalities.
If developed 48 hours before birth, risk of neonatal varicella.

HIV
Facial deformities, HIV

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18
Q

Foetal Alcohol Syndrome

A 
Limb and facial malformations. 
Growth retardation. 
Poor coordination. 
Hyperactivity. 
Kidney defects. 
Vision/hearing issues. 
Delayed Development in speech and social skills. 
Distinctive facial abnormalities.
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19
Q

Rooting Reflex

A

Stroke infants cheek

Infant turns head to search with mouth.

Disappears after 3-4 months.

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20
Q

Palmer and Planter Reflex

A

Pressure against palm or sole of foot.

Grasping, capable of supporting own weight.

Disappears after 3-4 months.

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21
Q

Moro Reflex

A

Startle infant or remove head support.

Extends and then brings together arms, fans and then clenches fingers.

Disappears 7-8 months.

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22
Q

Walking Reflex

A

Child held under arms (head supported).

Stepping motion.

Disappears 2 months.

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23
Q

Innate Sensory Abilities

A

Taste
Sensitivity to tastes and smells develop before birth.
Infants have a sweet tooth.

Hearing
Well developed, can hear normal range of human voice.

Visual Acuity
20/200 (normal adult vision 20/20).
Optimal focus fixed at 18-20cm.

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24
Q

Assimilation and Acommodation

A

Assimilation
Process of taking new information or a new experience and fitting it into an already existing schema.

Accommodation
Process by which existing schemas are changed or new schemas are created in order to fit new information.

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25
Q

Piaget’s Stages

A

Sensorimotor
0-24 months (Infancy)

Pre-operational
2-7 years (early childhood)

Concrete Operational
7-11 years (late childhood)

Formal Operational
11 years plus

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26
Q

Sensorimotor Stage

A

0-1 months
Exercise of innate reflexes

2-3 months
Development of schemas, Perception begins, beginning of co-ordination of schemas

4-8 months
Outward directed activity, reinforced behaviour

8-12 months
Intentional means-end behaviour

12-18 months
Trial and error learning

18 months +
Symbolic thought

27
Q

Object Concept

A

Initially
Objects are not independent of infant.

0-8 months
Objects out of sight, out of mind. No search for covered objects.

9-17 months
Begin to understand object permanence

28
Q

A not B Error

A

Object is placed under cover in front of infant.

Child removes cover to find object.

The object is placed under a second cloth.

The child searches for object under original cloth.

The child has not grasped that the object is independent of their actions.

29
Q

Pre-operational Thinking

A

Development of symbolic function.

Beginning to represent actions mentally.

Egocentric

Think intuitively rather than logically.

30
Q

Conservation Failure

A

Children under 7 years fail to conserve number equality.

Lack understanding of basic logical principles - reversibility and compensation.

31
Q

Concrete Operational Period

A

Success on these tasks = evidence that thinking is “Operational”.

Child can reason logically about changes and can coordinate different perspectives only with respect to concrete (real/observable) objects.

32
Q

Formal Operational Stage

A

Logical thinking about abstract concepts and possibilities.

Systematic testing of hypotheses.

Ability to reason in purely symbolic terms.

33
Q

Five Fundamentals of Counting

A

One to One Correspondence
One thing, on count

Stable Order
123 not 321

Cardinality
Final number stated is the count

Order Irrelevance
Objects can be counted in any order

Abstraction
Anything can be counted

34
Q

Development of Attachment

A

0-6 Weeks
Preattachment
Infant produces innate signals to gain comfort.

6 weeks to 7 months
Attachment in the Making
Preference for familiar people
Development of the attachment bond

7-18 months
Clear cut attachment
Seek out regular care givers 
Separation protest, wariness of strangers
Secure base is formed

2 years onward
Reciprocal relationship
Child has increased understanding of relationship

35
Q

Nobel Savage vs Original Sin

A

The noble savage was an idealised concept of uncivilised humans as innately good until exposed to corrupting influences of civilisation.

Belief in original sin which considers all humans morally inadequate.

36
Q

Parenting Styles

A 
Permissive
low on control 
high on warmth
impulsive and immature children
more dependent on adults
Authoritarian
high on control
low on warmth
children lack confidence
show aggression when frustrated 
Authoritative-Reciprocal
high on control
high on warmth
well behaved children
self confident and curious
37
Q

Key Processes of Brain Development

A

Neurogenesis
formation of new neutrons

Neuronal Pruning
culling of neurons

Synaptogenesis
forming new connections

Synaptic Pruning
culling of connections

38
Q

Grey and White Matter

A

Grey Matter
cell bosies if soma and unmyelinated axons.

White Matter
myelinated axons.

Adolescents have a higher volume of white matter and a lower form of grey matter compared to children.

39
Q

Risk Taking

A

Hessler and Katz (2010)
Adolescents with poor understanding and regulation of emotions took more risks.

Romer et al. (2011)
Adolescents with poorer executive functioning took more risks.

Poor self regulation aged 9-10 predicted risk taking aged 14-16.

40
Q

Parent-teen Relations and Risk-Taking

A

Authoritative parent style liked to low risk taking.

Piko and Balazs (2012) increased likelihood to smoking and drinking 12-22 year olds when:
Low emotional responsiveness of parents
Lack of identification with parents
Negative family interactions.

41
Q

Infant Depression

A

Key Symptoms
irritability, withdrawal, loss of pleasure, guilt.

Linked to:
lack of attachment
parental depression
later depression

42
Q

Childhood Depression

A

Defined as:
low mood and loss of interest in life.

Diagnosis:
depressed mood and irritability
weight and sleep changes
guilt
lack of concentration
morbid thoughts
social isolation

5/6 year olds with depression more likely to be depressed in later life and struggle at school. Psychotherapy helpful, antidepressants not.

43
Q

Adolescent Depression

A

Genetic and Biological Influences imbalances of serotonin and cortisol.

Environmental and Family Influences
losses or stressful events
abuse or neglect

Often family history of mental health issues.

Sex Differences
girls>boys from age 12 onwards
girls use ruminative coping more

Antidepressants improve severe symptoms but may have side effects.
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy effective in mild to moderate depression.

44
Q

Autism Symptoms

A

Unusual Patterns of Social Behaviour
little interest in people
fail to understand theory of mind
lack of emotional skills

Language Difficulties

Routine Behaviours
relative movement patterns
cannot cope if routine interrupted

45
Q

Causes of Autism

A

Genetic component seems certain though no specific genes linked.

Brain Abnormalities
Benaron (2009) proliferation of neurons in frontal lobes in infancy in autism.

Perinatal injury or infection.

46
Q

ADHD

A

Definition
difficulty concentrating, impulsivity.

Diagnosis
usually early primary school

more common in boys

47
Q

Two Types of ADHD

A

Inattentive
distractible, failures of cognitive inhibition.

Hyperactive
impulsive, loud, failures of behavioural inhibition.

Diagnostic Criteria
symptoms listed above
begin before age 7
present for at least 6 months
impairments in multiple settings
48
Q

Risk Factors for ADHD

A 
Cigarette Exposure
Alcohol Exposure
Low Birth Weight
Psychosocial Adversity
Parental ADHD
49
Q

Theories on Causes of ADHD

A

Barkley (2006)
cognitive defects - behavioural disinhibition
abnormalities of structure and function of frontal lobes

Possible Causes:
abnormal brain function
genetic factors
pregnancy complications

50
Q

ADHD Treatments

A

Pharmacological (Ritalin etc)
used since 1937
safe and effective
adverse effects

Psychosocial (parent and child behaviour training)
complex to develop and deliver
fierce controversy about efficacy

Dietary (elimination of food colourings)
controversy about efficacy

51
Q

Changes in Neurons with Age

A

Fewer Neurons in older adult brains
5-10% loss in 65 compared to 20 year old
Neurogenesis can still occur.

Increase with age in:
Neurofibrillary tangles
Amyloid plaques: lumps of dying neurons.

52
Q

Frontal Lobe Changes with Age

A

Brain size decreases 10-15% in old age.

Frontal Lobe Structure:
volume at 70% = 17% less than at 20

Frontal Lobe blood flow:
At rest: older adults less frontal activation than young.
During memory/executive functioning: older adults more frontal activation than young.

53
Q

Hippocampus Changes with Age

A

Evidence of neuronal loss and structural shrinkage.

Lye at al. (2004)
Hippocampal size related to memory impairment in 102 participants ages 81-94.

54
Q

Memory Changes with Age

A

Short Term Memory
retain 1-9 items for up to a minute
little age effect on digit span.

Working Memory
store and transform information
involved in reading, mental arithmetic etc
older adults have impaired working memory.

Long Term Memory
remember information for >10 minutes
older adults recall fewer word, make more errors and less likely to use efficient strategies.

55
Q

Procedural and Semantic Memory

A

Procedural Memory
acquired skills regained in memory e.g. driving a car.

Semantic Memory
internal encyclopaedia e.g. vocabulary.

Not generally affected by age.

56
Q

Fluid and Crystallised Intelligence

A

Fluid Intelligence
novel problem solving

Crystallised Intelligence
knowledge

Older adults have poorer fluid intelligence and improved crystallised intelligence.

57
Q

Factors Predicting Preserved Intelligence

A 
Above average education, complex job. 
Flexible personality. 
Engagement in social-cognitive activities. 
Good speed and attention. 
Good health and fitness.
58
Q

Regulation of Emotions in Old Age

A

Older adults rate themselves as good at:
control of emotions such as anger.
using effective strategies to manage emotions.

Older adults show deactivation of the amygdala while viewing negative pictures.

59
Q

Risk Factors for Depression in Old Age

A

Physical illness
Caregiver responsibilities
Reduction in social contact
Frontal Lobe atrophy

60
Q

Grand parenting

A

Most of those aged 65+ have grandchildren.

Most grandparents have fairly regular contact.

Grandparents providing childcare had better executive function than those who did not.

61
Q

Widowhood

A

For those aged 65+, 15% of men age widowers and >50% of women are widowers.

Factors that make coping more difficult:
very traditional marriage
sudden death
social isolation 
income loss
62
Q

Retirement

A

Positive Aspects:
increased leisure
resumption of education
away from workplace stress.

Negative Aspects:
decreased income
loss of status/identity
change relationship with spouse.

Wellbeing higher if CHOOSE to retire.

63
Q

Social Networks in Old Age

A

Total social network smaller in those 70+

  • older, fewer friendships
  • number of close attachments stable
  • size of family networks stable across lifespan

Friendships:

  • quality and quantity of friendships strongly linked to wellbeing.
  • life satisfaction more friendly related to contact with friends than relatives.
64
Q

Social Isolation in Old Age

A

Social isolation in Old Age predicts:

  • risky health behaviours and poor nutrition.
  • cognitive decline and dementia
  • risk of stroke and heart attack.

Psychology 2 (3 decks)

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