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Psychology 2 > Evolution And Emotion > Flashcards

Evolution And Emotion Flashcards

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1
Q

Traits Distinguishing Humans from Other Animals

A 
Intelligence
Language
Morality 
Sexuality 
War, Aggression
Society
Fashion
Religion
Science and Tech
Learning
Art and Beauty 
Cooperation
Culture
Music
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2
Q

Inclusive Fitness

A

Direct Fitness
through own offspring
self to offspring = half a copy

Indirect Fitness
through relatives’ offspring
self to nephew/niece = one fourth copy

Inclusive Fitness
if you have two children and three nieces
inclusive fitness = 0.5 x 2 + 0.25 x 3 = 1.75 copies.

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3
Q

Inter-sex Selection

A

Peacock’s Tail
does not improve flight
vulnerable to predators

females prefer long colourful tails
any male with long tail benefits
might suggest ‘good’ genes

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4
Q

Intra-sex Selection

A

Competition for mates within one sex - primarily makes (females fight for resources not males).

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5
Q

Egg vs Sperm

A 
Egg
all necessary biochemical machinery 
large
protective shell
expensive
few produced. 
Sperm
naked DNA and motor
small
no protection 
cheap
lots produced
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6
Q

Two Sexes

A

Robert Trivers and Angus Bateman

the sex that invests the most will be the choosy one
females generally invest more - they have more to lose

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7
Q

Human Reproduction - minimal investment

A 
Women
large egg
9 months pregnancy
15kg nutrients
2-4 years of nursing
Men
small numerous sperm
5 minutes of copulation
no nutrients provided
no nursing
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8
Q

Human Reproduction - typical investment

A 
Women
large egg
9 months pregnancy
15kg nutrients
2-4 years nursing
several years of teaching, provide food and protection etc.

Men
bring food, protection, stick around for years.

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9
Q

Types of Cooperation

A

Mutualism
immediate benefits to all parties
can be explained by selfishness

Altruism
immediate benefit to only beneficiary
at a cost to giver
requires explanation

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10
Q

Kin Selection

A

Organisms help each other if related.

Hamilton’s Rule
help if rB> C
B = benefit to other
C = cost to self
r = relatedness between self and other
self child = 0.5
self parent = 0.5
self niece = 0.25

If you save 5 nieces from a fire whilst dying in the process then
rB = 0.25 x 5 = 1.25
C = 1
rB>C

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11
Q

Reciprocal Altruism

A

You help me now and I’ll help you later.

Appears altruistic at first glance but selfish in long run.

Examples
gift giving
helping a friend move house
sharing notes

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12
Q

Terminology

A 
Emotion
clear object or target (happy about something). 
short lived and intense
facial expressions last 0.5-4 seconds
relevant to personal goals.

Mood
an emotional state that can last for hours, days, weeks.
can be low intensity.

Feelings
subjective representation of emotions.
only you know how it feels to experience your own emotions.

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13
Q

Intrapersonal Functions Of Emotion

A

Rapid information processing system.
Minimal conscious awareness, minimal thought
Prepares body for immediate action.

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14
Q

Interpersonal Functions of Emotion

A

Facial, vocal, bodily expressions.
Value signals, influence others.
Communication role.

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15
Q

Discrete Emotion Categories

A

Adaptive, evolved to deal with fundamental life tasks, distinctive appearance, common to all.

Anger
Disgust 
Happiness 
Fear
Sadness
Surprise
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16
Q

Facial Action Coding System (FACS)

A

Systematically categorises movement of facial muscles that produce emotional expressions.

Action Units (AU’s): contraction of relaxation of one or more muscles. Independent of interpretation

Intensity Scores: A-E

17
Q

Dimensional Models of Emotion

A

A dimension is an axis on which something can vary in terms of strength, magnitude etc.

18
Q

Circumflex Model (Russell, 1980)

A

Arousal versus Valence.

Includes secondary emotions.

Cognitively more complex.

Harder to link specific facial expressions to these.

19
Q

Universality Theory (Ekman and Friesan 1975)

A 
Photographs of 6 basic emotions. 
Shown to New Guinea Tribe. 
Choose Emotion label. 
Tribes people produced emotions.
Americans asked to label. 
Good performance overall.

Concludes that:
certain core components of emotions are universal and likely biological but emotional expressions may lose some of their meaning across cultural boundaries.

20
Q

Arousal

A

A state of physical and mental alertness.
Body and brain is charged with energy.

Role of Arousal:
consciousness
attention
information processing 
motivation 
emotion
21
Q

Yerkes-Dodson Law

A

Relationship between arousal and task performance.

Too much or too little impairs performance.

22
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Neurons process and transmit information through electrical and chemical signals.

Chemical signals are transferred via neurotransmitters.

23
Q

Limbic System

A

Collection of brain structures that help us experience Emotion.

Thalamus
Hippocampus
Amygdala

Connects to Cortex.

24
Q

Reward System

A

Hypothalamus, amygdala, nucleus, accumbens, frontal cortex.

Dopamine Circuit:
excitement, anticipation, meaningfulness.

Sensitive to drugs such as cocaine and amphetamines which act like dopamine.

25
Q

Liking System

A

Different from reward, different from wanting something e.g. drug abuse.

Nucleus accumbens, Orbitofrontal Cortex (OFC).

Sensitive to opioids and endocannibinoids.

Distinction between desire and enjoyment contributes to the understanding of addiction

26
Q

Anger/Rage System

A

Approach and attack emotion.

Separate to fear network but close by.

Amygdala, hypothalamus, left frontal cortex.

Linked to appetitive circuits so lack of reward can provoke rage.

27
Q

Fear System

A

Amygdala.

Regular processing: eye to thalamus to visual cortex to amygdala. Slow but accurate.

Sensitive to glutamate and adrenaline.

28
Q

Amygdala

A

Memory and Attention
episodic-autobiographical.

Emotional Alarm System
perception and response to threat.

Connects to facial muscles.

Greater amygdala activity during an emotional event enhances later memory.

29
Q

Boyatzis-Goleman Model

A

Self Awareness
Self Management
Social Awareness
Relationship Skills

30
Q

Bar-On Model

A

Intrapersonal Skills: self awareness and self expression.

Interpersonal Skills: empathy, social awareness.

Stress Management: emotional regulation and impulse control.

Adaptability: validate one’s feelings with external reality, flexibility, problem solving.

Mood: optimism, happiness, contentment.

31
Q

Alexithymia

A

“emotional blindness”

Subclinical ability to identify and describe emotions in the self and in others.

Dysfunctional emotional awareness.
Poor social attachment and interpersonal relations.
Externally oriented thinking style.
Lack of empathy.
Personality trait that affects 10% of the population.

32
Q

Affect as Information Theory

A

We attend to our feelings as a source of information.
Different mood states can influence the way in which we direct our attention towards information.

Positive Mood = Global processing style
Negative Mood = Local processing style.

33
Q

Positive vs Negative Mood

A 
Positive Mood
casual, less effortful, superficial. 
reach decisions more quickly 
use less information 
avoid demanding and systematic thinking

Negative Mood
effortful, systematic, analytic, vigilant.
reach decisions more slowly.
use more information
engage in demanding and detailed thinking

34
Q

Emotional Stroop Task

A

Emotional vs Neutral Words

slower to name the ink colour when words are emotionally salient

Psychology 2 (3 decks)

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