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Psychology > Lifespan development > Flashcards

Lifespan development Flashcards

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1
Q

Cognitive development

A

The development of thinking, problem solving, and memory.

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2
Q

Schemas

A

A mental framework that organizes and interprets information.

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3
Q

Assimilation

A

Interpreting one’s new experience in terms of one’s existing schemas.

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4
Q

Accommodation

A

A change in schemas based on new information.

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5
Q

Sensorimotor stage

A

Birth to 2 years, object permanence.

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6
Q

Object permanence

A

The understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of view.

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7
Q

Preoperational stage

A

2-6 years. Children are able to think about things symbolically. Egocentrism, animism and centration.

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8
Q

Egocentrism

A

Preoperational child’s difficulty in taking the perspective of others.

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9
Q

Concrete operational stage

A

6-12 years. Children start to think logically about concrete events they’ve experienced.

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10
Q

Formal operational stage.

A

12+. Children begin to think logically about abstract concepts.

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11
Q

Physical development

A

How you physically change over time.

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12
Q

Psychosocial development

A

Emotions, personality, and social relationships.

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13
Q

Lev Vygotsky

A

He emphasized how early development grows through interaction with the social environment and parental instruction. Varies between cultures.

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14
Q

Normative approach

A

Study of development using norms, or average ages, when most children reach specific developmental milestones.

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15
Q

Process of lifespan development

A

Continuous development and discontinuous development.

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16
Q

Continuous development

A

Views development as a gradual approach.

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17
Q

Discontinuous development

A

Views development as occurring in unique stages.

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18
Q

Nature

A

Genes and biology.

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19
Q

Nurture

A

Environment and culture.

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20
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

Founder of psychoanalysis. Believed that childhood experiences shape our personalities as who you are as an adult. Viewed development as discontinuous.

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21
Q

Ego

A

The aspect of personality that represents the self or one aspect of a person’s personality that is visible to others.

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22
Q

Superego

A

Part of the personality that acts as a moral compass or conscience.

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23
Q

Id

A

Pleasure; sexual desire. Unconcscious.

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24
Q

Freuds belief

A

If you’ve experienced trauma as a child, you’re going to be stuck in that stage.

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25
Q

Freud’s 5 stages

A

oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital.

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26
Q

Oral stage

A

0-18 months. Pleasure centers on the mouth-sucking, biting, and chewing.

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27
Q

Anal stage

A

18-36 months. Pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder movements.

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28
Q

Phallic stage

A

Psychosexual stage that focuses on the genitals.

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29
Q

Latency stage

A

6-puberty. Dormant sexual feelings.

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30
Q

Genital stage

A

Puberty+. Maturation of sexual interests.

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31
Q

Koldberg

A

Believed that moral development, like cognitive development follows as a series of stages.

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32
Q

Level 1: Preconventional Morality

A

Stage 1: obedience and punishment. Stage 2: Individualism.

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33
Q

Level 2: Conventional Morality

A

Stage 3: interpersonal; behavior driven by social approval. Stage 4: authority; behavior driven by obeying authority and conforming to social order.

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34
Q

Level 3: Post-conventional morality

A

Stage 5: social contract and individual rights. Stage 6: universal principles.

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35
Q

Erik Erikson

A

Psychosocial development.

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36
Q

Erik Erikson’s belief

A

Believed that personality development takes place all through a lifespan.

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37
Q

Trust vs. Mistrust (Erikson)

A

0-18 months: Trust or mistrust of basic needs such that nourishment and affection will be met.

38
Q

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Erikson)

A

1-3: Develop a sense of independence in many tasks.

39
Q

Initiative vs. Guilt (Erikson)

A

3-6 years. Developing the ability to try new things and to handle failure.

40
Q

Industry vs. Inferiority (Erikson)

A

7-11: Develop self-confidence in abilities when competent or a sense of inferiority when not.

41
Q

Identity vs. Confusion (Erikson)

A

12-18: Experiment with and developing identity and roles.

42
Q

Intimacy vs. Isolation (Erikson)

A

19-29: Establish intimacy and relationships with others.

43
Q

Generativity vs. Stagnation (Erikson)

A

30-64: contribute to society and be part of a family.

44
Q

Integrity vs. Despair (Erikson)

A

65+: Assess and make sense of life and meaning of contributions.

45
Q

Prenatal development

A

The baby’s development during a pregnancy.

46
Q

Teratogen

A

Any factor that can cause a birth defect.

47
Q

Alcohol

A

Can cause fetal-alcohol syndrom.

48
Q

Smoking

A

Can result in premature birth, low-birth weight, stillbirths, sudden infant death syndrom.

49
Q

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

A

A collection of birth defects associated with heavy consumptions of alcohol during pregnancy.

50
Q

FAS physical characteristics

A

Small head and abnormal facial features.

51
Q

FAS cognitive deficits

A

Poor judgement and impulse control. Learning issues as well as higher rates of ADHD and lower IQ.

52
Q

Newborn reflexes.

A

Inborn atuomatic responses to particular forms of stimulation. They help the infant survive. (rooting, sucking, and grasping.)

53
Q

Rooting reflex

A

A newborn’s response to anything that touches their cheeks. (When you stroke a baby’s cheeks, the infant will turn their head to the direction of the cheek.)

54
Q

Sucking reflex

A

Infant sucks any object placed by mouth.

55
Q

Grasping reflex

A

Grabs anything placed in their hands.

56
Q

Moro reflex

A

Newborns response to falling: The baby spreads their arms, pulls them back in and then usually cries.

57
Q

Motor skills

A

The ability to move our bodies and manipulate objects.

58
Q

Jean Piaget

A

Cognitive development theory.

59
Q

Jean Piaget’s theory

A

Believed that our cognitive abilities develop through specific stages.

60
Q

Fetus

A

When an organism is 9 weeks old.

61
Q

Attachment

A

A long-standing connection or bond with others.

62
Q

Harry Harlow

A

Studied newborn attachments by separting newborn monkeys from their mothers.

63
Q

Secure base

A

Parental presence that gives the child a sense of safety as they explore their surroundings.

64
Q

Mary Ainsworth

A

Studied attachment in infants using the “strange situation” model.

65
Q

Mary Ainsworth’s strange situation

A

Observed the child’s behavior when mom was present, when they left, when a stranger enters, and when mom returns. (reunion was most important.)

66
Q

Secure attachment

A

Child uses the parent as a secure base from which to explore.

67
Q

Avoidant attachment

A

Characterized by child’s unresponsiveness to parent,, does not use the parent as a secure base, and does not care if the parent leaves.

68
Q

Resistant attachment

A

Shows clingy behavior, but then rejects mothers attempts to interact with them.

69
Q

Disorganized attachment

A

Infant shows odd behavior around their mother.

70
Q

Self-concept

A

All our thoughts and feelings about ourselves.

71
Q

Diana Baumrind

A

Developed theory on parenting styles, such as: authoritative, authoritarian, permissive and uninvolved styles.

72
Q

Authoritative style (secure)

A

The parent gives reasonable demands and consistent limits, expresses warmth and affection, and listens to the child’s point of view.

73
Q

Authoritarian style (avoidant)

A

A parenting style where parents are highly demanding and controlling, with little or no affection.

74
Q

Permissive style

A

Parents make few demands and rarely use punishment.

75
Q

Uninvolved style

A

The parents are indifferent, uninvolved, and sometimes neglectful.

76
Q

Temperament

A

Innate traits that influence how one thinks, behaves, and reacts with the environment.

77
Q

Easy temperament

A

Positive emotions, adapt well to change, and capable of regulating emotions. (Kaatri)

78
Q

Difficult temperament

A

Negative emotions, difficulty adapting to change and regulating emotions.

79
Q

Adolescence

A

The time period between the beginning of puberty and early adulthood. (my sisters’ and I)

80
Q

Theory of mind

A

Ability to infer and understand another’s mental state and use the information to examine and predict behavior.

81
Q

Cognitive empathy (theory of mind)

A

The ability to take the perspective of others and to feel concern for others.

82
Q

Zygote

A

Structure created when a sperm and egg merge at conception; begins as a single cell and rapidly divides to form the embryo and placenta.

83
Q

Primary sexual characteristics

A

Organs specifically needed for reproduction.

84
Q

Emerging adulthood

A

Newly defined period of lifespan development from 18 years old to the mid-20s. Young people are taking longer to complete college, get a job, get married, and start a family.

85
Q

Embryo

A

multi-cellular organism in its early stages of development.

86
Q

Critical sensitive period

A

Time during fetal growth when specific parts of organs develop.

87
Q

Language acquisition)

A

The process by which the infants learn to understand and speak their native language.

88
Q

Secondary sexual characteristics

A

Physical signs of sexual maturation that do not directly involve sex organs.

89
Q

Socioemotional selectivity theory

A

Social support/friendships dwindle in number, but remain as close, if not more close than in earlier years.

90
Q

Frontal lobe development

A

The last part of the brain to undergo myelination, during adolescence there is a second burst of cortical grey matter.

91
Q

Fluid vs. crystalized intelligence

A

Fluid=Capacity to solve problems. Crystallized= general knowledge.

Psychology (3 decks)

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