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Pharmacology: Pharmacology Basics > Lifespan Considerations > Flashcards

Lifespan Considerations Flashcards

0
Q

diffusion

A

the passive movement of a substance (e.g. a drug) between different tissues from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration (compare with active transport)

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1
Q

active transport

A

the active (energy-requiring) movement of a substance between different tissues via pumping mechanisms contained within cell membranes

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2
Q

elderly

A

pertaining to a person who is 65 years of age or older

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3
Q

neonate

A

pertaining to a younger person than 1 month of age; newborn infant

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4
Q

nomogram

A

a graphic tool for estimating drug dosages using various body measurements

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5
Q

paediatric

A

pertaining to a person who is 12 years of age or younger

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6
Q

polypharmacy

A

the use of many different drugs concurrently in treating a patient, who often has several health problems

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7
Q

pregnancy safety categories: category A

A

studies indicate no risk to the human fetus

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8
Q

pregnancy safety categories: category B

A

studies indicate no risk to the animal fetus; information for humans is not available

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9
Q

pregnancy safety categories: category C

A

adverse effects reported in the animal fetus; information for humans is not available

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10
Q

pregnancy safety categories: category D

A

possible fetus risk in humans has been reported; however, in selected cases, consideration of the potential benefit versus risk may warrant use of these drugs in pregnant women

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11
Q

pregnancy safety categories: category X

A

fetal abnormalities have been reported, and positive evidence of fetal risk in humans is available from animal and/or human studies; these drugs are not to be used in pregnant women

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12
Q

classification of young patients: younger than 38 weeks’ gestation

A

premature or newborn infant

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13
Q

classification of young patients: younger than 1 month

A

neonate or newborn infant

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14
Q

classification of young patients: 1 month up to 1 year

A

infant

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15
Q

classification of young patients: 1 year up to 12 years

A

child

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16
Q

physiologic changes in the elderly patient: cardiovascular

A

decreased cardiac output = decreased absorption and distribution; decreased blood flow = decreased absorption and distribution

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17
Q

physiologic changes in the elderly patient: gastrointestinal

A

increased pH (alkaline gastric secretions) = altered absorption; decreased peristalsis = delayed gastric emptying

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18
Q

physiologic changes in the elderly patient: hepatic

A

decreased enzyme production = decreased metabolism; decreased blood flow = decreased metabolism

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19
Q

physiologic changes in the elderly patient: renal

A

decreased blood flow = decreased excretion; decreased function = decreased excretion; decreased glomerular filtration rate = decreased excretion

20
Q

common complications in the elderly: analgesics (opioids)

A

confusion, constipation, urinary retention, nausea, vomiting, respiratory depression, falls

21
Q

common complications in the elderly: analgesics (NSAIDs)

A

oedema, nausea, gastric ulceration, bleeding, renal toxicity

22
Q

common complications in the elderly: anticoagulants (e.g. heparin, warfarin)

A

major and minor bleeding episodes, many drug interactions, dietary interactions

23
Q

common complications in the elderly: anticholinergics

A

blurred vision, dry mouth, constipation, confusion, urinary retention, tachycardia

24
Q

common complications in the elderly: antidepressants

A

sedation and strong anticholinergic adverse effects

25
Q

common complications in the elderly: antihypertensives

A

nausea, hypotension, diarrhoea, bradycardia, heart failure, impotence

26
Q

common complications in the elderly: cardiac glycosides (e.g. digoxin)

A

visual disorders, nausea, diarrhoea, dysrhythmias, hallucinations, decreased appetite, weight loss

27
Q

common complications in the elderly: central nervous system (CNS) depressants (muscle relaxants, opioids)

A

sedation, weakness, dry mouth, confusion, urinary retention, ataxia

28
Q

common complications in the elderly: sedatives and hypnotics

A

confusion, daytime sedation, ataxia, lethargy, increased risk of falls

29
Q

common complications in the elderly: thiazide diuretics

A

electrolyte imbalance, rashes, fatigue, leg cramps, dehydration

30
Q

drugs requiring special caution and monitoring in the elderly: bladder flow obstruction

A

anticholinergics, antihistamines, decongestants, antidepressants

31
Q

drugs requiring special caution and monitoring in the elderly: clotting disorders

A

NSAIDs, aspirin, antiplatlet drugs

32
Q

drugs requiring special caution and monitoring in the elderly: chronic constipation

A

calcium channel blockers, tricyclic antidepressants, anticholinergics

33
Q

drugs requiring special caution and monitoring in the elderly: COPD

A

long-acting sedatives or hypnotics, narcotics, beta blockers

34
Q

drugs requiring special caution and monitoring in the elderly: heart failure and hypertension

A

sodium, decongestants, amphetamines, OTC cold products

35
Q

drugs requiring special caution and monitoring in the elderly: insomnia

A

decongestants, bronchodilators, monoamine oxidase inhibitors

36
Q

drugs requiring special caution and monitoring in the elderly: Parkinson’s disease

A

antipsychotics, phenothiazines

37
Q

drugs requiring special caution and monitoring in the elderly: syncope, falls

A

sedatives, hypnotics, opioids, CNS depressants, muscle relaxants, antidepressants, antihypertensives

38
Q

imbalanced nutrition, less than body requirements, related to the impact of age and drug therapy and possible adverse effects

A

states measures (caloric and protein intake as well as examples of all the major food groups with assistance of nutritional consultation) to enhance nutritional status due to age- and drug-related factors, as well as any adverse effects (nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, diarrhoea, constipation) on everyday nutrition

39
Q

deficient knowledge related to information about drugs and their adverse effects or about when to contact the prescriber

A

states importance of adhering to the prescribed drug therapy (timing, dosage and duration); identify what specific medication looks like; describes the therapeutic effects of the medication(s); demonstrates safe method of self- or assisted medication administration (week-long pill mechanism with day of week and associated times, and all medications labeled); follows instructions specific to the route of administration, whilst demonstrating appropriate techniques (measuring and taking liquid medication, taking medication with proper food/fluids)

40
Q

risk for injury related to adverse effects of medications or to the method of drug administration

A

lists all unintended adverse effects and possible toxicity associated with medication regime; stating when to contact prescriber such as occurrence of fever, pain, vomiting, rash, diarrhoea, difficultly breathing and/or worsening of condition being treated

41
Q

risk for injury related to idiosyncratic reactions to drugs due to age-related drug sensitivity

A

identifies ways to minimise complications, adverse effects, reactions, and injury to self associated with the therapeutic medication regime

42
Q

The nurse is reviewing factors that influence pharmacokinetics in the neonatal patient. Which factor puts the neonatal patient at risk with regard to drug therapy?

A. immature renal system
B. hyperperistalsis in the GI tract
C. irregular temperature regulation
D. smaller circulatory capacity

A

A. immature renal system

43
Q

The physiologic differences in the paediatric patient compared with the adult patient affect the amount of drug needed to produce a therapeutic effect. The nurse is aware that one of the main differences is that infants have:

A. increased protein in circulation
B. fat composition lower than 0.001%
C. more muscular body composition
D. water composition of approximately 75%

A

D. water composition of approximately 75%

44
Q

While teaching a 76-year-old patient about the adverse effects of his medications, the nurse encourages him to keep a journal of the adverse effects he experiences. This intervention is important for the elderly patient because of which alterations in pharmacokinetics?

A. increased renal excretion of protein-bound drugs
B. more alkaline gastric pH, resulting in more adverse effects
C. decreased blood flow to the liver, resulting in altered metabolism
D. less adipose tissue to store fat-soluble drugs

A

C. decreased blood flow to the liver, resulting in altered metabolism

45
Q

When the nurse is reviewing a list of medications taken by an 88-year-old patient, the patient says, “I get dizzy when I stand up.” She also states that she has nearly fainted “a time or two” in the afternoon. Her systolic blood pressure drops 15 points when she stands up. Which type of medication may be responsible for these effects?

A. NSAIDs
B. cardiac glycosides
C. anticoagulants
D. antihypertensives

A

D. antihypertensives

46
Q

A pregnant patient who is at 32 weeks’ gestation has cold and calls the office to ask about taking an OTC medication that is rated as pregnancy category A. Which answer by the nurse is correct?

A. “this drug causes problems in the human fetus, so you should not take this medication”
B. “this drug may cause problems in the human fetus, but noting has been proven in clinical trials; it is best not to take this medication”
C. “this drug has not caused problems in animals, but no testing has been done on humans; it is probably safe to take”
D. “studies indicate that there is no risk to the human fetus, so it is okay to take this medication as directed if you need it”

A

D. “studies indicate that there is no risk to the human fetus, so it is okay to take this medication as directed if you need it”

47
Q

The nurse is preparing to administer an injection to a preschool-age child. Which are appropriate for this age group?

A. explain to the child in advance about the injection
B. provide a brief, concrete explanation about the injection
C. encourage participation in the procedure
D. make use magical thinking
E. provide comfort measures after the injection

A

B. provide a brief, concrete explanation about the injection
D. make use magical thinking
E. provide comfort measures after the injection

48
Q

The nurse is preparing to give an oral dose of acetaminophen (Tylenol) to a child who weighs 12 kg. the dose is 15 mg/kg. How many milligrams will the nurse administer for this dose?

A

180 mg

Pharmacology: Pharmacology Basics (10 decks)

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