LifeSpan 2 Flashcards
Maslows hierarchy of needs (also known as “theory of human motivation”)?
1: Physiological needs (02, food/fluids, rest/sleep, basic survival needs).
2: Safety and Security (physical safety, emotional security in relationships context).
3: Love and Belonging (met with meaningful relationships w/others).
4: Self-esteem (self-worth and independence met).
5: Self-Actualization (goals and life purpose developed).
What are 2 catecholamines neurotransmitters that when deficient affect mood disorders?
Norepinephrine and Serotonin.
Norepinephrine (catecholamine produced in brain) affects what when deficient?
Involved in affective development of affective behavioral disorders. Can trigger increase in blood pressure and exerts marked effects on metabolism.
Serotonin (catecholamine produced in brain) when deficient affects what?
Sleep-wake cycles; affective and anxiety-related mood disorders. Decreased levels associated with depression. Exerts marked effects on metabolism.
What catecholamine neurotransmitter is involved in behavioral disorders and disease involving abnormal movements. As well as responsible for parts of brain involving thoughts and emotions. Additionally stimulating hypothalamus to release the reproductive hormones estrogen and progesterone.
Dopamine.
What is Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and what does it affect?
An inhibitory neurotransmitter that affects anxiety, seizures, aggression; decrease GABA levels may increase these behaviors.
What is the cholinergic neurotransmitter that is decreased or absent in people with various thought disorders involving memory loss, Alzheimer’s dementia? This cholinergic neurotransmitter also contributes to normal motor function?
Acetylcholine.
What basic assumptions serve as the foundation for Erickson’s theory of development?
Erickson’s 8 stage theory of human development assumes that each stage is characterized by conflict between a specific development task and a threat to the individual ego. The conflict must be resolved in order for a person to mature and move on to the next developmental level. If the conflict is not resolved, the person may not fully mature.
Of the 8 stages, what are Erickson’s 1st 4 stages of development?
Birth to 1 yr: Trust vs. mistrust.
2-3 yrs: Autonomy vs. shame and doubt.
4-5 yrs: Initiative vs. guilt.
6-12 yrs: Industry vs. inferiority.
Of the 8 stages, what are Erickson’s last 4 stages of development?
13-18 yrs: Identity vs. role confusion.
Young adult: Intimacy vs. isolation.
Middle adult: Generatively vs. self-absorption.
Old age: Ego integrity vs. despair.
What are the 3 categories of regulatory disorders?
- Disorders related to impaired adrenal and pituitary function.
- Disorders related to impaired thyroid and parathyroid function.
- Disorders related to impaired renal (kidney) function.
What are the 3 categories of metabolic disorders?
Disorders of:
- Gallbladder.
- Pancreas.
- Liver.
What does NANDA-I stand for? What are the four categories?
North American Nursing Diagnosis Association International.
- Actual.
- Risk.
- Health Promotion.
4 Syndrome.
What is the actual nursing diagnosis sometimes referred to as and what does it describe?
What does it identify?
“Problem Diagnosis”.
It describes the reaction of an individual, family, group, or community in response to life processes and health conditions.
It is a brief statement identifying an existing patient-centered problem or a potential problem for which a patient is at risk.
How are “actual” nursing diagnosis written?
“Actual” nursing diagnoses are written as a three-part statement and should include identification of contributing factors (“related to”), as well as identification of associated signs and symptoms (“as evidenced by”).
What are “risk” diagnosis and how are they written?
“Risk” diagnoses reflect a clinical judgement with regard to an individual, group, or community for whom, when compared to others in similar or identical circumstances, there is increased vulnerability for development of a particular problem.
“Risk” diagnoses are written as a two-part statement. To validate the diagnosis, the statement includes identification of risk factors, which may include medical conditions.
How are “health promotion” diagnosis written?
what do they reflect?
“Health Promotion” diagnosis are written as a one-part statement that begin with “readiness for” and do not include designation of any related factors.
“Health Promotion” diagnosis reflect a clinical judgment used to describe the desire and willingness of an individual, group, or community to seek enhanced well-being and to actualize the potential for health in a given area.
How are “syndrome diagnosis” written?
What do “syndrome diagnosis” reflect?
“Syndrome Diagnosis” are written as one-part statements and contain no designation of related factors.
“Syndrome Diagnosis” reflect the nurse’s use of clinical judgment for identification of a specific cluster of nursing diagnosis that occur simultaneously and for which the ideal plan of care involves simultaneously addressing the problems through the use of similar interventions.
What is cyclothymia?
A chronic mood disorder characterized by both depressive and manic states that alternate by a period of 2 or more years and are separated by brief periods of normal states. Symptoms of mania and depression are milder than those seen with bipolar disorder.
What are affective responses?
Affective responses constitute one of the primary categories of behavioral responses to life stresses; characterized by disturbances in behavior and mood.
What are emotions?
Emotions, such as depression and elation, are strong feelings that can have both mental and physical manifestations. An emotion that persists over time is a “mood”.
What is a mood disorder?
An emotion that persists over time is a mood. If a mood predominates over a prolonged time in which it affects activities of daily living it is considered a “mood disorder”. The 2 major categories of mood disorder are “depressive and bipolar”.
What is a crises and what are the 3 types?
Crises is defined as a physical and emotional response to an acute, time-limited event that interferes with functioning and may not be able to be resolved with usual coping mechanisms.
The 3 types are:
- Maturational.
- Situational.
- Adventitious.
Describe maturational crises?
- Maturational crises - said to occur when developmental milestones are reached; examples- starting kindergarten, graduating high school, getting married. At each stage of life, successful resolution of these crises helps a person develop new characteristics, qualities, and coping mechanisms.
Describe situational crises?
Situational crises - stressful life events such as a move, start of new job, loss of loved one. Events are not necessarily associated with a particular stage of development. Almost everyone’s experiences situational crises at various points in their life.
Describe adventitious crises?
Adventitious crises - unplanned, unexpected events that not everyone will experience. Examples include hurricane ps and hose fires.
What 4 phases will ensue throughout crises?
- Anxiety and disorganization.
- If routine coping tactics fail, they will try different means to eliminate sense of discomfort.
- If these fail, anxiety will escalate to panic - individual will withdraw and flee from situation.
- If coping mechanisms remain ineffective, negative outcomes such as depression and suicide will occur.
What is bereavement?
The experience of dealing with the loss of a loved one.
What is mourning?
Mourning refers to cultural patterns displayed in response to grief and bereavement. Commons displays- wearing certain apparel, displaying certain symbols within the home, and engaging in specific social interactions deemed acceptable by one’s culture.
What are the 5 categories of the grief cycle?
“DABDA”
- Denial.
- Anger.
- Bargaining.
- Depression.
- Acceptance.
Describe the anticipated response of the 1st stage of grief, denial?
Denial - considered normal, difficult to accept reality of situation. Physiological responses may include: a vague “feeling” of numbness, or physical “hollowness” localized in stomach or chest. Others include sighing, hyperventilation, anorexia(lack of food appetite), insomnia(prolonged inability to sleep), lump in throat, and crying.
Describe the 2nd stage of grief, anger?
Anger - may follow denial when reality of loss sets in, can be directed toward situation or other people, including family members, health care personnel, and even God.
Describe the 3rd stage of grief, bargaining?
Bargaining - typically occurs post anger phase, although may come before; often seen if anticipated loss is self or loved one. People make promises, usually to God and themselves, that they will bring about personal change if their lives or lives of loved one be extended.
Describe response of 4th phase of grief, depression?
Depression- in this stage, it becomes impossible for person to deny reality of loss. Somatic symptoms: fatigue, uncontrollable weeping, anorexia or overeating, insomnia or sleeping more than body requirements. Guilt can occur at any stage; usually more noticeable with depression stage; especially true when person thinks they contributed to loss or had potential to change outcome.
Describe response of the 5th stage of grief, acceptance?
Acceptance- occurs when person is able to accept loss and cope in healthy manner. If person id unable to move into acceptance, they may feelings of despair.
Thyroid and cortisol hormone - how are they affected in depression? What is cortisol and where is it produced?
Thyroid levels may be diminished and cortisol levels may be elevated.
Cortisol is secreted by the adrenal gland cortex and is involved in protein and carbohydrate metabolism- also known as a glucocorticoid hormone that helps protect the body against stress when present in normal amounts.
What is the dexamethasone suppression test?
An assessment that helps measure cortisol response in people who have major psychotic depression. In most people, cortisol levels decrease in response to the administration of dexamethasone; this is not the case in people with severe depression marked by psychosis. It may also be beneficial in ruling out cushing’s syndrome and thyroid conditions that mimic psychiatric symptoms.
What are the subcategories of depressive disorders?
- Dysythmic disorder.
- Major depressive disorder.
- Seasonal affective disorder.
- Postpartum depression.
What is a dysthymic disorder?
A depressive disorder characterized by chronically sad states; more prevalent in females. Defining characteristics of dysthymic disorder are guilt, depression, that a person may unconsciously use to help alleviate anxiety.
Others are:
Fatigue. Anorexia or increased appetite. Difficulty concentrating. Insomnia or hypersomnia. Impaired decision making ability. Low self-esteem. Feelings of hopelessness and helplessness.
Depression is usually present 50% of the time and extends over a 2 yr period for adults and 1 yr period for peds. Usually not severe enough to disrupt life.
