Life Science Flashcards
Cardio/cardiac
Heart
Arteri/arterio
Arteries
Cerebr
Brain
Cervic
Neck
Crani/cranio
Skull
Derm
Skin
Gastro
Stomach
Gluco/glyco
Glucose
Hemat
Blood
Hist/histo
Tissue
Hyper
Extreme beyond
Hypo
Extreme below
Nephr/nephro/ren/reno
Kidney
Oculo/ocul/opthalm/opthalmo
Eyes
Or(o)
Mouth
Ost/osteo/ossi
Bones
Ot
Ear
Pneum/pneumo/pulmon/pulmo
Lungs
Rhino/rhin
Nose
Somat/somato
Body
Trache
Trachea
Tympan(o)
Eardrum
Vascular
Blood vessels
Ven
Veins
Anterior
Front, opposite of posterior
Ascending
Traveling up
Bilateral
On two sides
Descending
Traveling downward
Distal
Farther away from beginning, opposite of proximal
Dorsal
Pertaining to the human back, opposite of ventral
Endo
From inside
Epi
On the surface
Exo-
From the outside
Inferior
Below, opposite of superior
Lateral
One side of the body
Medial
Middle or inside
Peri
Surrounding
Posterior
Back, opposite of superior
Posterior
Back,opposite of anterior
Proximal
Close to the beginning, opposite of distal
Superior
Above, opposite of inferior
Unilateral
On one side
Ventral
Pertaining to the abdomen, opposite of dorsal
Frontal lobe controls what functions?
Voluntary actions
Learned motor skills
Higher brain functions (language, thought, planning)
Parietal lobe controls what functions?
Processes incoming stimuli, movement, perception, language
Performs calculations
Spatial memory and orientation
Occipital lobes control what functions?
Process vision and visual memories
Visual and spatial orientation
Temporal lobe controls what functions?
Control memories and emotion
Short-term/long-term memories
Process sound and vision
Basal ganglia controls what functions?
Helps control motor function
Thalamus controls what functions?
Routes sensation information to the cortex
Helps you distinguish between hot and cold etc.
The hypothalamus controls what functions?
Regulates some involuntary functions, such as body temperature and appetite
What does the limbic system help control?
Helps control emotion and involuntary functions
The cerebellum helps control what function?
Center for balance and coordination of the body
The medulla oblongata (brain stem) helps control what functions?
Responsible for consciousness and the bodies vital functions; breathing, heartbeat, blood pressure, and swallowing
The sensory neurons function as what?
Brings info about a stimulus to the CNS
Motor neurons function as what?
Takes information from the CNS to muscle and glands that perform some kind of action
The somatic nervous system controls what functions?
Regulated blood pressure, sense pain, or signal that you need to use the restroom
What does the autonomic nervous system control?
Controls largely involuntary bodily functions such as breathing and digestion.
What are the two subsystems of the autonomic nervous system?
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
Sympathetic nervous system controls what function?
Fight or flight response
Reacts be generating more hormones, energy, and efficient blood flood to vital organs.
Parasympathetic nervous system controls what function?
Responsible for calming bodily functions, slowing respiration, and heart rate, resuming digestion, and normalizing other functions
What does the hypothalamus secrete?
HGH - regulates the body growth
Parathormone -regulates release of thyroxine from the thyroid
Oxytocin - affects contractions of the uterus during childbirth
Vasopressin - regulates how the kidneys absorb water from the blood
What does the pineal gland produce?
Produced melatonin, which regulates your sleeping patterns
The pituitary gland secretes a variety of hormones that affect what?
Skin tone, growth, blood pressure, breast milk production, onset labor, metabolism, sexual function, regulation of water temperature and balance, thyroid function
The thyroid and parathyroid secrete what?
Thyroid - secretes thyroxine and triiodothyronine, which regulates the body metabolism, growth, and sensitivity to other hormones
Parathyroid - secretes parathormone, which regulates calcium and phosphate concentrations in the blood
The adrenal gland secretes what?
Secretes fight or flight hormones; epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol
The pancreas functions in the control of what?
Production of insulin and glucagon, hormones that control the regulation of glucose in the blood to go down
Insulin - causes glucose levels to go down
Glucagon - causes glucose levels to go up
The ovaries produce what hormones?
Estrogen - development of secondary female characteristics, helps preserve bone mass and elasticity within the body
Progesterone - maintains the lining of the uterus for pregnancy, regulates menstruation
What is the function of the process called peristalsis?
Muscles in the esophagus expand and contact to keep the food moving down
What are the gastric juices in the stomach?
Mucous, hydrochloric acid, and pepsin
Define chyme
The mixture of gastric juices and food
What is the function of the duodenum?
To further break down fat, carbohydrates, and proteins
What part of the small intestine absorbs nutrients?
Jejunum and ilium with the help of vili
What is the function of the liver?
Filters blood
Removes waste, toxins, and bacteria
Removes excess glucose from blood and stores it as glycogen
Secretes bile as a waste product
What is the function of the gallbladder?
Stores bile secreted from the liver
Bile contains salts and enzymes that break down fats and remove dead RBC and excess cholesterol
What does the colon absorb?
Water and salts
What are the by products of the colon bacteria?
Vit K
B12
Riboflavin
These are absorbed by the blood to nourish the body
What is the function of the kidney
To filter blood
The nephrons in the kidney is where filtration takes place, removes excess fluid and waste from blood and turns them into urine
What is the function of smooth muscle
Perform involuntary movement
Narrow with only one nucleus
What is the function of skeletal muscle
Attached to the bone through tendons
Long, multinucleus fibers
Used in voluntary movement
Define seminiferous tubules
Small, coiled tubes within testes where sperm is developed
Define Sertoli cells
Support the sperm with in the seminiferous tubules
What does leydig cells produce?
Testosterone
What is the function of the vas deferens?
Carries sperm to the urethra which passes through the penis
Testosterone and other steroid hormones are collectively called what?
Androgens
Defines spermatogenesis
Meiotic development of sperm in males
What is the alimentary cavity?
The entire pathway food follows through the body
Define peristalsis
Wave like muscular action conducted by smooth muscle that lines the gut in the esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine
What does the medulla oblongata control?
Controls breathing rate
Monitors CO2 content in the blood
What are the kidneys functions
Form urine to remove nitrogenous waste ( urea)
Regulate the volume and salt content of the extra cellular fluids
The esophagus is part of the ______ system
Digestive
How does a Sagittarius section divide the body?
Into right and left regions
What nervous system has to deal with the reception of external stimuli and voluntary control of muscles?
Somatic
Where would a herniated disc most likely create pain?
Along the sciatic nerve
Beriberi is a disease caused by lack of:
Thiamine
Often found in people whose diet consists largely of polished white ride
Hertz (hz) is a unit of frequency defined as:
The number of cycles per seconds of a periodic phenomenon
Acid + base –> ?
Salt + water
To find acceleration of an object, what would you need to know?
Initial speed
Final speed
Time
Average speed is a simple calculation of:
Distance vs time
Name types of proteins and examples
Hormonal - insulin, glucagon Transport - hemoglobin, carrier proteins Structural - collagen Contractile - myosin, actin Antibodies - immunoglobulin, interferon Enzymes - amylase, lipase, ATPase
What is the first step in the path to ATP?
Glycolysis
Glycolysis takes ____ and breaks it down to ____
Takes glucose and breaks it down to 2 pyruvate molecules
What is fermentation?
Glycolysis with the absence of oxygen, NADH is regenerated to NAD+ to continue to produce ATP. Ethanol and lactic acid are produced as by products
Glycolysis takes 1 glucose and produces _____
2 ATP and 2 NADH
Where does the Krebs cycle take place?
Mitochondria
Where does photosynthesis take place?
Chloroplast
What kind of cells contain chloroplast?
Mesophyl
What part of a leave regulate oxygen and carbon dioxide
Stomata
Describe transcription
RNA is produced when a gene segment of DNA is read by RNA, acquires a complimentary gene sequence
Describe translation
Gene sequence carried by RNA is read and appropriated into a sequence of amino acids
Where are ribosomes synthesized?
Nucleolus
Smooth ER is involved in _____
Lipid synthesis