Life Science Flashcards
Cardio/cardiac
Heart
Arteri/arterio
Arteries
Cerebr
Brain
Cervic
Neck
Crani/cranio
Skull
Derm
Skin
Gastro
Stomach
Gluco/glyco
Glucose
Hemat
Blood
Hist/histo
Tissue
Hyper
Extreme beyond
Hypo
Extreme below
Nephr/nephro/ren/reno
Kidney
Oculo/ocul/opthalm/opthalmo
Eyes
Or(o)
Mouth
Ost/osteo/ossi
Bones
Ot
Ear
Pneum/pneumo/pulmon/pulmo
Lungs
Rhino/rhin
Nose
Somat/somato
Body
Trache
Trachea
Tympan(o)
Eardrum
Vascular
Blood vessels
Ven
Veins
Anterior
Front, opposite of posterior
Ascending
Traveling up
Bilateral
On two sides
Descending
Traveling downward
Distal
Farther away from beginning, opposite of proximal
Dorsal
Pertaining to the human back, opposite of ventral
Endo
From inside
Epi
On the surface
Exo-
From the outside
Inferior
Below, opposite of superior
Lateral
One side of the body
Medial
Middle or inside
Peri
Surrounding
Posterior
Back, opposite of superior
Posterior
Back,opposite of anterior
Proximal
Close to the beginning, opposite of distal
Superior
Above, opposite of inferior
Unilateral
On one side
Ventral
Pertaining to the abdomen, opposite of dorsal
Frontal lobe controls what functions?
Voluntary actions
Learned motor skills
Higher brain functions (language, thought, planning)
Parietal lobe controls what functions?
Processes incoming stimuli, movement, perception, language
Performs calculations
Spatial memory and orientation
Occipital lobes control what functions?
Process vision and visual memories
Visual and spatial orientation
Temporal lobe controls what functions?
Control memories and emotion
Short-term/long-term memories
Process sound and vision
Basal ganglia controls what functions?
Helps control motor function
Thalamus controls what functions?
Routes sensation information to the cortex
Helps you distinguish between hot and cold etc.
The hypothalamus controls what functions?
Regulates some involuntary functions, such as body temperature and appetite
What does the limbic system help control?
Helps control emotion and involuntary functions
The cerebellum helps control what function?
Center for balance and coordination of the body
The medulla oblongata (brain stem) helps control what functions?
Responsible for consciousness and the bodies vital functions; breathing, heartbeat, blood pressure, and swallowing
The sensory neurons function as what?
Brings info about a stimulus to the CNS
Motor neurons function as what?
Takes information from the CNS to muscle and glands that perform some kind of action
The somatic nervous system controls what functions?
Regulated blood pressure, sense pain, or signal that you need to use the restroom
What does the autonomic nervous system control?
Controls largely involuntary bodily functions such as breathing and digestion.
What are the two subsystems of the autonomic nervous system?
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
Sympathetic nervous system controls what function?
Fight or flight response
Reacts be generating more hormones, energy, and efficient blood flood to vital organs.
Parasympathetic nervous system controls what function?
Responsible for calming bodily functions, slowing respiration, and heart rate, resuming digestion, and normalizing other functions
What does the hypothalamus secrete?
HGH - regulates the body growth
Parathormone -regulates release of thyroxine from the thyroid
Oxytocin - affects contractions of the uterus during childbirth
Vasopressin - regulates how the kidneys absorb water from the blood
What does the pineal gland produce?
Produced melatonin, which regulates your sleeping patterns
The pituitary gland secretes a variety of hormones that affect what?
Skin tone, growth, blood pressure, breast milk production, onset labor, metabolism, sexual function, regulation of water temperature and balance, thyroid function
The thyroid and parathyroid secrete what?
Thyroid - secretes thyroxine and triiodothyronine, which regulates the body metabolism, growth, and sensitivity to other hormones
Parathyroid - secretes parathormone, which regulates calcium and phosphate concentrations in the blood
The adrenal gland secretes what?
Secretes fight or flight hormones; epinephrine, norepinephrine, and cortisol
The pancreas functions in the control of what?
Production of insulin and glucagon, hormones that control the regulation of glucose in the blood to go down
Insulin - causes glucose levels to go down
Glucagon - causes glucose levels to go up
The ovaries produce what hormones?
Estrogen - development of secondary female characteristics, helps preserve bone mass and elasticity within the body
Progesterone - maintains the lining of the uterus for pregnancy, regulates menstruation
What is the function of the process called peristalsis?
Muscles in the esophagus expand and contact to keep the food moving down
What are the gastric juices in the stomach?
Mucous, hydrochloric acid, and pepsin
Define chyme
The mixture of gastric juices and food
What is the function of the duodenum?
To further break down fat, carbohydrates, and proteins
What part of the small intestine absorbs nutrients?
Jejunum and ilium with the help of vili
What is the function of the liver?
Filters blood
Removes waste, toxins, and bacteria
Removes excess glucose from blood and stores it as glycogen
Secretes bile as a waste product
What is the function of the gallbladder?
Stores bile secreted from the liver
Bile contains salts and enzymes that break down fats and remove dead RBC and excess cholesterol
What does the colon absorb?
Water and salts
What are the by products of the colon bacteria?
Vit K
B12
Riboflavin
These are absorbed by the blood to nourish the body
What is the function of the kidney
To filter blood
The nephrons in the kidney is where filtration takes place, removes excess fluid and waste from blood and turns them into urine
What is the function of smooth muscle
Perform involuntary movement
Narrow with only one nucleus
What is the function of skeletal muscle
Attached to the bone through tendons
Long, multinucleus fibers
Used in voluntary movement
Define seminiferous tubules
Small, coiled tubes within testes where sperm is developed
Define Sertoli cells
Support the sperm with in the seminiferous tubules
What does leydig cells produce?
Testosterone
What is the function of the vas deferens?
Carries sperm to the urethra which passes through the penis
Testosterone and other steroid hormones are collectively called what?
Androgens
Defines spermatogenesis
Meiotic development of sperm in males
What is the alimentary cavity?
The entire pathway food follows through the body
Define peristalsis
Wave like muscular action conducted by smooth muscle that lines the gut in the esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine
What does the medulla oblongata control?
Controls breathing rate
Monitors CO2 content in the blood
What are the kidneys functions
Form urine to remove nitrogenous waste ( urea)
Regulate the volume and salt content of the extra cellular fluids
The esophagus is part of the ______ system
Digestive
How does a Sagittarius section divide the body?
Into right and left regions
What nervous system has to deal with the reception of external stimuli and voluntary control of muscles?
Somatic
Where would a herniated disc most likely create pain?
Along the sciatic nerve
Beriberi is a disease caused by lack of:
Thiamine
Often found in people whose diet consists largely of polished white ride
Hertz (hz) is a unit of frequency defined as:
The number of cycles per seconds of a periodic phenomenon
Acid + base –> ?
Salt + water
To find acceleration of an object, what would you need to know?
Initial speed
Final speed
Time
Average speed is a simple calculation of:
Distance vs time
Name types of proteins and examples
Hormonal - insulin, glucagon Transport - hemoglobin, carrier proteins Structural - collagen Contractile - myosin, actin Antibodies - immunoglobulin, interferon Enzymes - amylase, lipase, ATPase
What is the first step in the path to ATP?
Glycolysis
Glycolysis takes ____ and breaks it down to ____
Takes glucose and breaks it down to 2 pyruvate molecules
What is fermentation?
Glycolysis with the absence of oxygen, NADH is regenerated to NAD+ to continue to produce ATP. Ethanol and lactic acid are produced as by products
Glycolysis takes 1 glucose and produces _____
2 ATP and 2 NADH
Where does the Krebs cycle take place?
Mitochondria
Where does photosynthesis take place?
Chloroplast
What kind of cells contain chloroplast?
Mesophyl
What part of a leave regulate oxygen and carbon dioxide
Stomata
Describe transcription
RNA is produced when a gene segment of DNA is read by RNA, acquires a complimentary gene sequence
Describe translation
Gene sequence carried by RNA is read and appropriated into a sequence of amino acids
Where are ribosomes synthesized?
Nucleolus
Smooth ER is involved in _____
Lipid synthesis
Rough ER is involved is ______
Protein synthesis
What does the Golgi do?
Modifies protein, ships the vesicles to their next stop
Lysosomes contain _______ and are involved in ______
Hydrolytic enzymes; intracellular digestion
What is the function of peroxisomes
Break fat into smaller molecules that can be used for food
What is the function of glyoxysomes?
Convert fats to sugars
What is the function of the mitochondria?
Aerobic respiration
Where does ATP production occur?
Mitochondria matrix
Describe osmosis
Diffusion of water from low concentration to high concentration
Hypertonic
Water will flow out, cell will shrink
Hypotonic
Water will flow in; cell will swell
Diffusion
Movement of dissolved particles from a region of high concentration to low concentration
Passive vs. facilitated diffusion
Facilitated diffusion requires carrier proteins in the membrane to get particles across the gradient while passive diffusion doesn’t
Active transport
Movement of dissolved particles against their concentration gradient
Uniport proteins
Carry a single solute across the membrane
Symport protein
Translocates 2 different solutes in the same direction simultaneously
Antiport proteins
Exchange 2 solutes by transporting one into the cell and the other out of the cell
What is the reproduction of prokaryotes called?
Binary fission
Mitosis
Cell division to produce 2 daughter cells with the same genomes.
Asexual production; mechanism for development, growth, replacement of tissue
Meiosis
Sexual reproduction that produces male and female gametes
Mechanism use by bacteria to move genes between cells by exchanging circular, extra chromosomal DNA with each other
Conjunction
What stages of the cell cycle in mitosis at considered interphase?
G1, S, G2,
Name the 4 stages of mitosis in order
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
Cytokinesis
Process that complete the split into daughter cells
Name a pro and con of asexual reproduction
Pro - allow more rapid population growth
Con - doesn’t creat genetic diversity
What are the sex cells produced through meiosis in males and females
Gametes (haploid cells)
What is formed in the union of haploid gametes?
Zygote (diploid single-cell)
Name the organ that produces gametes
Gonads
Males gonads _____ produce male gametes _____
Testes; spermatozoa
Females gonads ______ produce _____
Ovaries; ova
Germ cell
Cell that is committed to the production of gametes, but not itself a gamete (diploid)
How are sex cells reproduced?
Meiosis
Meiosis I produces ______, meiosis II involves ______ resulting in _______
2 intermediate daughter cells; the separation of sister chromatids; in 4 genetically distinct haploid cells
Where is sperm developed?
Coiled tubes with in the testes called seminiferous tubules
What cells make testosterone?
Leydig cells
What carries sperm to the urethra through the penis?
Vas deferens
Testosterone and other steroid hormones are collectively called
Androgens
What is the meiotic development of sperm in males?
Spermatogenesis
What animals participate in external reproduction
Fish and amphibians
______ is a wavelike muscular action by smooth muscle that lines the gut in the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine
Peristalsis
Where does digestion begin?
In the mouth
What enzyme breaks down the complex starch polysaccharide into maltose?
Salivary amylase
What vein returns oxygenated blood to the heart
Pulmonary vein
Ventricle contraction occurs during _____ part of the cardiac cycle
Systole
Atria contract during the ______ part of the cycle
Diastole
The most important nervous stimulation of the heart is induced by ________?
Vagus nerve of the parasympathetic system
What can increase the heart rate?
Sympathetic nervous system and epinephrine
What permits the exchange of materials between the blood and the body’s cells?
Capillaries
What is the largest lymph vessel
Thoracic duct
What Are the main salts in plasma?
Sodium chloride and potassium chloride
Where are blood cells formed?
Bone marrow
What protein carries oxygen?
Hemoglobin
Skin, lining of the lungs, the mouth, and stomach are:
Passive immunity
Function of phagocyte
Engulf bacteria with ameboid motion
What are the most abundant type of lymphocyts?
B and T cells
What do B cells produce?
Antibodies or immunoglobulin
_______ is used to drive electron transport and ATP production
Oxygen
_______ is produced from burning glucose
Carbon dioxide
Breathing rate is controlled by:
Medulla oblongata
What part of the brain monitors carbon dioxide content in blood?
Medulla oblongata
The ______ adds moisture and warmth to inhaled air, helps to filter it
Nose
What protects the body from ultraviolet light?
Melanin
What is the purpose of sweat glands
To cool the body
What nervous system controls sweating?
Autonomic nervous system
What organ removes nitrogenous waste and regulates the volume and salt contents of extra cellular fluids?
Kidneys
What system is a network of glands and tissue that secrete hormones?
Endocrine system
The pancreas and adrenal cortex are:
Endocrine glands
Eat connects the nervous system with the endocrine system and how?
Hypothalamus by releasing hormone like substances called releasing factors
What does TSH secrete and where is it located?
Secreted thyroxine. Is located in the anterior pituitary gland
ACTH stimulates _______ to secrete ______
Adrenal cortex; corticosteroid
What hormone is responsible for milk production?
Prolactin
FSH spurs maturation of ______ and _____. It is location in the ________
Seminiferous tubes in males; ovaries in females; anterior pituitary gland
LH secrets ______ in males and stimulates ________ in females
Testosterone; ovulation
What secretes progesterone and estrogen?
Corpus luteum
What hormone acts on kidneys to reduce water loss? Where is it located?
ADC, also known as vasopressin. Located in posterior pituitary
What hormone causes uterine contraction? Where is it released from?
Oxytocin, located in posterior pituitary
An abnormal ______ causes goiter, decreased heart rate, lethargy, obesity, and decreased mental awareness
Deficiency of thyroxine
Produced perspiration, high body temperature, increased basal metabolic rate, high blood pressure, loss of weight, and irrationality are characteristics of:
Hyperthyroidism
What hormone regulated phosphate and calcium balance in blood, bones, and other tissues?
Parathyroid hormone
How does the exocrine function secrete enzymes?
Through ducts in the small intestine
How does the endocrine function secrete hormones?
Directly into the blood stream
What hormones is released when glucose hormones are high in the blood stream?
Insulin
What hormone responds to low concentrations of blood glucose?
Glucagon, secreted by islets of langerhan
______ stimulate ______ to synthesis and secrete the steroid hormone called ______
ACTH; adrenal cortex; corticosteroid
Testes produce the hormone _____ and ovaries produce the hormone _______
Testosterone; estrogen
______ are specialized cells designed to transmit information
Neurons
Neurons transmit information in the form of electrochemical signals called:
Action potentials
What chemical signal is released across a small gap between the neuron and the target cell?
Neurotransmitter
Name the gap between the neuron and the target cell
Synaptic cleft
The brain and spinal cord are part of what nervous system?
Central nervous system (CNS)
The peripheral nervous system consists ___ pairs of cranial nerves and ____ pairs of spinal nerves
12; 31
What nervous system is responsible for voluntary movement?
Somatic motor nervous system
What nervous system regulates the involuntary functions of the body?
Autonomic nervous system
What nervous system is responsible for the fight-or-flight response, releasing norepinephrine
Sympathetic nervous system
What nervous system deactivates or slows down the activities of muscle and glands?
Parasympathetic nervous system
What is the primary neurotransmitter for the parasympathetic nervous system
Acetylcholine
What part of the brain controls all voluntary motor activities
Cerebral cortex
Nervous impulses and sensory information are relayed and integrated:
In the thalamus
What part of the eye bends and focuses light?
Cornea
What part of the eye is suspended by the pupil
Lens
The lens focuses the image onto the _____
Retina
What are the 2 types of photoreceptors?
Cons and rods
_____ respond to high-intensity illumination and are sensitive to color, while _____ detect low-intensity light and are important to night vision
Cons; rods
Where are the olfactory receptors located
Upper part of the nostrils
The _____ is the midline basic framework of the body, including the skull, vertebrae column, and rib cage.
Axial skeleton
The _______ includes the bones of the appendages as well as the pectoral and pelvic girdles
Appendicular skeleton
What muscle is innervated by the autonomic nervous system? (Involuntary muscle)
Smooth muscle
Where is smooth muscle present?
Walls of arteries and veins, digestive tract, bladder, uterus
What type of muscle is voluntary, striated, and multinucleated?
Skeletal muscle
Actin and myosin filaments are organized into sections called:
Sacromeres
Cardiac muscle is regulated by what nervous system?
ANS
What is critical for cells to generate energy to energy, maintain the stability of cell walls, and to function in general?
Electrolytes
What electrolyte regulates the amount of water in the body
Sodium
What electrolyte is essential for normal cell function, regulation of the heart beat, and functions of heart muscle?
Potassium
What electrolyte maintains a normal balance of body fluids?
Chloride
What electrolyte acts as a buffer to maintain normal levels of acidity?
Bicarbonate
What electrolyte is involved in a variety of metabolic activities including laxative of the smooth muscles?
Magnesium
What tissue in plants transports nutrients?
Phloem
What is the function of cellulose in plants?
Provide structure and support
Plants without vascular tissue (moss) are called:
Nontracheophytes
Give an example of tracheophytes
Pine, ferns, flowering plants
What is the asexual stage of a plants life cycle called?
Sporophyte generation (diploid)
What generation of the plant is concerned with the production of male and female gametes?
Gametophyte
What develops from the spores made by the sporophyte?
Male gametophyte
What develops in the ovule from one of four spores?
Female gametophyte
Sperm nucleus fuses with the 2 polar bodies to form the:
Endosperm
How many chromosomes do humans have?
23
Different versions of a gene are called:
Alleles
The types of alleles and organism has is called:
Genotype
Is there are two alleles in an individual that determine a trait, these two alleles will separate during gamete formation and act independently:
Law of segregation
What law describes the relationship between different genes?
Law of independent assortment
The phenomenon in which alleles fail to assort independently because the are on the same chromosome is called:
Linkage
Both alleles are expressed partially is an example of :
Incomplete dominance
Both alleles are fully expressed without one allele being dominant over another is an example of:
Codominance ( blood types)
Humans have how many pair of autosomes?
22
Give an example of sex linkage
Color blindness or hemophilia
______ are changes in the genes that are inherited
Mutations
A piece of chromosome breaks off and rejoins a different chromosome in an event called:
Translocation
Non living environment
Abiotic
A group of individual members of a species that interbreed and share the same gene pool
Population
Interacting populations living together in an environment
Community
A living community within an abiotic environment; the interactions between populations; as well as the flow of energy and molecule within the system
Ecosystem
Producers and primary consumers are known as:
Trophic levels
What are the 8 types of terrestrial biomes?
Tropical Forrest Savannah Desert Temperate deciduous Forrest Northern coniferous Forrest Taiga Tundra Polar region
What are the 2 aquatic biomes?
Marine
Freshwater
What type of rock are fossils generally found in?
Sedimentary
What type of dating is used to determine the age of fossils that are only a few thousand years old?
Carbon dating
_______ structures have the same basic anatomical features and evolutionary design.
Homologous structure (wings of bat, flippers of whale)
Structure that derive from a common ancestor but diverged to form different functions is called:
Divergent evolution
______ structure have similar functions but may have different evolutionary origins and entirely different patterns of development
Analogous ( wings of fly, wings of bird )
Wen structures look the same and share a common function but are not derived from a common ancestor it is called:
Convergent evolution
Structure that appear to be useless, but had some function in an earlier stage of organisms evolution are called:
Vestigial structures
A group of organisms that is able to successfully interbreed with each other to produce fertile offspring:
Species
Science of classifying living things
Taxonomy
What are the 3 domains?
Bacteria, archaea, eukarya
Order of classification division, largest to smallest
Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family genus, species
What are one of the best known protists?
Amoebas and algae
______ are heterotrophs that absorb nutrients from their environment
Fungi
Sea stars and jellyfish a examples of _____ symmetry
Radial
Animals with mirror images are examples of _______ symmetry
Bilateral
At some stages of early development a stiff solid dorsal rod called the ______ can be observed
Notochord
The flowers male organ is known as:
Stamen
What part of the flower produces haploid spores?
Anther
The flowers female organ is called:
Pistol
What part of the flower catches pollen?
Stigma
What part of the flowers female organ permits the sperm to reach the ovaries?
Style
What is the base of the flowers female organ called?
Ovary
What part of the flower attracts insects?
Petals
