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Life Science Flashcards

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AP® Physics flashcards Physics 101 flashcards
1
Q

Organic chemistry

A

the study of the preparation, reactions, properties, structure and composition of the carbon containing compound

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2
Q

Saturated compound

A

It is a compound where all the bonds in carbon atoms are single bonds

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3
Q

Hydro carbons

A

compound containing hydrogen and carbon atoms

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4
Q

give examples of hydrocarbns

A

alkanes and alkenes

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5
Q

example of a saturated organic compound

A

alkanes

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6
Q

Unsaturated compound

A

compound where the bonds in the carbon atoms are double or triple bond.

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7
Q

example of unsaturated compound

A

alkene

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8
Q

functional group

A

it is an atom or group of atoms that form the centre of a chemical activity in the molecule

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9
Q

homologous series

A

Group of organic compounds that have the same characteristics

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10
Q

what are the 5. characteristics that a the homologous series have

A

a. have same functional group
b. have same chemical properties
c. prepared with the same method
d. conform to same general formula
e. succesive members differ by -ch2 unit

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11
Q

Isomers

A

Organic compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula

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12
Q

types of isomers

A

a. chain isomer.
b. functional isomers
c. postional isomers

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13
Q

General fromula for alkanes

A

CnH2n+2

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14
Q

normen clature

A

the naming of organic compounds

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15
Q

describe Physical properties of alkanes

A

Physical properties gradually change as number of atoms increase due to increase in strength of london forces

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16
Q

Boiling points of alkanes

A

branched alakanes have a less boiling pount that straight chained alkanes because branched alaknes have less surface area of contact between molecule resulting in weak london forces.

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17
Q

Sources of alkanes

A

a. natural gas.
b. crude oil.
c. petroleum

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18
Q

what are the physical properties of alkanes

A

a. colourless
b. less dense than water.
c. non polar molecules which means they are soluble in non polar solvents.
d. they are flammable

19
Q

alkanes show which isomerism

A

chain and postional

20
Q

Chemical properties of alkanes

A

Alkanes are unrecative hydrocarbons beacuse they are saturated organic compounds.

21
Q

what are the reactions alkanes goes through

A

combustion and subtitution with halogens

22
Q

what is combustion of alkanes

A

alkanes burn well with oxygen producing carbon dioxide, water and heat energy. which is why they are used as fuels.

23
Q

Alkanes reacation with halogen

A

it is called substitution then the specific thing is halogenation.(hydrogen atoms are replaced by halogen atoms)

24
Q

Alkanes react with halogens in the presence of what?

A

presence of uv lights producing hydrogen halides and halogen alkanes

25
Q

use of alkanes

A

fuel.

26
Q

Exxplain the physical properties of alkenes

A

Physical properties of alkenes change gradually as carbonatoms increase due to increase in strength of london forces

27
Q

Boiling points and melting points of alkenes

A

Branched alkenes have low melting points and low boiling points than straight chain alkenes because they have less surfcae area contact between molececules which results in weak london forces

28
Q

what isomerism does alkenes show

A

chain, functional,position isomeism

29
Q

Sources of alkens

A

a. cracking
b. dehydraton of alchol using concenrated sulfuric acid(deydration and elmination)
c. halogen alkanes react with alcohlic sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide(eliminaation and dehydrohalogenation

30
Q

what is cracking

A

breaking down of long chains of alkane molecule using heat and catalyst into shorter chains and more useful ones

cracking produces shorter alkanes and alkenes

31
Q

Chemical properties of alkenes

A

they are reactive beacuse they are unsaturated, the double bonds act like source of elctrons therefore they undergo addition reactions.

32
Q

Alkenes undergo which 5 reactions

A

a. combustion
b. addition of hydrogen.
c. reaction with steam
d. reaction with bromine
e. reaction with hydrogen halides

33
Q

decribe the reaction of alkene and hydrogen

A

it is an addition reaction.
specific is hydrogenation
alkene react with hydrogen in presence of heat pressure and catalyst.

34
Q

describe reacation of alkene with steam

A

alkenes reacts with steam in presence of heat forming alchol, catalyst, phosphoric acid
addition reaction and hydration

35
Q

Describe reaction of alkene and bromine

A

Alkenes reacting with bromine water decolourises the water.
process is used for distingishing alkanes and alkenes
it tests the unsaturation in organic compounds

bromine shake with alkenes watere becomes colourless.
alkanes cannot

addition reaction or halogenation

36
Q

Reaction with hydrogen halide

A

alkene reacts with hydrogen halide forming halogen alkanes

37
Q

Halogen alkanes

A

1 or more hydrogen atoms of alkanes are replaced by a halogen

38
Q

what are the sources of halogenalkanes

A

a. reaction between hydrogen halides and alkenes
b. reaction with alkane and hydrogen in prsence of uv light
c. alkenes react with halogens.

39
Q

Physical properties og haloalkanes

A

B.P increases due to increase in van der waal forces. halo alkanes have a higher boiling point than alkanes and alkenes because they are polar molecules therefore they have strong van der waal forces than alkanes and alkenes of the same length.

40
Q

Chemical properties of haloalkanes

A

very reactive due to presence of halogen in the molecules
reaction happens on carbon carry the halogen atom

undergo substitution reaction where halogen atom is replaced by othe atoms

41
Q

Reaction that haloalkanes go through

A

a. reaction with water and koh or naoh

b. elimination reaction

42
Q

describe the reaction of water and koh or naoh for haloaknaes

A

water and koh an naoh react forming alchols(hydrolosis) and subtituition

43
Q

elimination reaction

A

reaction is undergone is presense of koh an naoh.
hydrogen and halogen atoms are removed from carbon resulting in formation of double bonds between carbons (dehydrohalogenation)

44
Q

Alcohol/hydoxyl compounds

A

Oh bonded to carbon function group OH

Physics (6 decks)

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