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Stalin > Life in the Soviet Union 1924-41 > Flashcards

Life in the Soviet Union 1924-41 Flashcards

1
Q

Living conditions in towns
(living)

A
  • huge increase in population due to industrialisation
  • 1929-36 2.2 mil to 4.1 million
  • average apartment was 4m^2
  • corner dwellers = people that didn’t have a flat and slept in sheds, corridors and corners
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2
Q

Living conditions in towns
(housing)

A
  • Magnitogorsk pop. 25 in 1929 to 250,000 in 1932
  • monumental lack of housing
  • workers initially lived in tents
  • even when better in 1930’s basic barrack-style dormitories
    -unpaved roads
    -no street-lighting
  • open sewers
  • lack of public transport
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3
Q

Living conditions in towns
(everyday items)

A
  • queues when shoes available longer than 1,000 people
  • most stole to get by
  • food shortages normal
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4
Q

Living conditions in towns
(leisure opportunities)

A
  • Magnitogorsk cinema had annual audience of 600,000
  • other towns had parks, stadiums, cinemas
  • mini Olympics held between different factories
    Gorky park (1928) in Moscow had:
  • attractive gardens
  • snack bars
  • swimming pool
  • music + dance area
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5
Q

Working conditions in towns
(health + safety)

A
  • hardly any
  • accidents, injuries, death very common
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6
Q

Working conditions in towns
(internal passports)

A
  • recognisable green covers
  • had to show them asked
  • stopped people moving around
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7
Q

Working conditions in towns
(trade unions)

A
  • rights of trade unions restricted
  • managers had the power to set wages + sack workers
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8
Q

Working conditions in towns
(progressive piecework + the labour code)

A

prog piece:
- wages based on production
labour code:
- increase from 7 to 8 hour days
- ‘5 to 6’ days to ‘6 to 7’ days a week
- changing jobs = crime
- if late by 20 mins twice pay would be cut 25% for 6 months

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9
Q

Working conditions in towns
(positives)

A
  • everyone had a job
  • factory provided basics like clothes
  • laundry facilities
  • cheap canteens
  • childcare (sometimes)
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10
Q

Difference between the countryside and towns

A

Life was harder in the countryside than the towns

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11
Q

Living conditions in the countryside
(food)

A
  • peasants didn’t get as much to eat as seen as less important
  • had to travel to towns to buy food as so little on the farms
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12
Q

Living conditions in the countryside
(housing)

A
  • peasants had very basic housing
  • one-room wooden hut, outside toilet, a well
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13
Q

Living conditions in the countryside
(growth)

A
  • villages received very little new investment
  • no new leisure facilities like the towns
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14
Q

Working conditions in the countryside
(loss)

A
  • of freedom, told by chairman what to do
    -of land, forced to collectivise
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15
Q

Working conditions in the countryside
(pay)

A
  • paid 80% less than a factory worker
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16
Q

Working conditions in the countryside
(the work)

A
  • long hours of physical work
  • people often ran away
  • peasants put in the bare minimum effort, bc no profit
17
Q

Negatives for women in the USSR
(divorce)

A

USSR had highest divorce rate in Europe
- but bad bc men abandoned women to raise children

18
Q

Negatives for women in the USSR
(Stalin’s changes)

A
  • gay = illegal
  • divorce more expensive
  • women with 6+ kids given money by the state
19
Q

Negatives for women in the USSR
(education)

A

By 1940 only 40% of engineering students were women

20
Q

Negatives for women in the USSR
(pay)

A

paid only 60% of what men were

21
Q

Negatives for women in the USSR
(Zhenotdel)

A

1930 - Stalin closed Zhenotdel claiming it’s work was done
but
this was not the case

22
Q

Positives for women in the USSR
(Zhenotdel)

A

1937 - Stalin claimed women and men equal
but
still not rly the case

23
Q

Positives for women in the USSR
(changes to law)

A
  • abortion legal
  • marriage made civil not religious
  • divorce made easier
  • given same political rights as men
24
Q

Positives for women in the USSR
(stalins changes opinions)

A

considered a success
- 25 births per 1000 (1935)
- 31 births per 1000 (1940)
- divorce rate slowed

25
Q

Positives for women in the USSR
(no. of workers)

A
  • by 1940 13 million female workers
  • female stakhanovites
26
Q

Education
(1920’s)

A
  • kids used as cheap labour
  • sent to factories + wrote reports
  • no exams
  • universities closed
  • poorly trained teachers
27
Q

Education
(1930’s)

A
  • traditional academic subjects
  • uniforms, sit in rows with arms folded
  • fees for final 3 years
  • rote learning + exams
  • strict discipline
28
Q

Impact of change in education

A
  • literacy went from 55% to 94% (1929-39)
  • Uni went from 170,000 to 812,000 (1927-39)
29
Q

1920’s approach to minorities

A
  • USSR = family of nations
  • Oct revolution Declaration of rights e.g. equal treatment, self-gov, religious freedom, right to develop own culture
  • minority pop.s were divided into self-governing territories, 30 national territories
  • each group encouraged to celebrate culture, literature in local language, local leaders trained + given roles in the party and gov
  • self-governed national group formed 1 country
30
Q

What is russification?

A

where smaller national groups of the Russian empire were forced to adopt the Russian culture

31
Q

Stalin moving national groups by force

A
  • 1937 over 171,000 ethnic Koreans were deported from USSR far east to central Asia
  • 89,000 ethnic Finns were deported
  • 1941 all Volga Germans arrested and exiled to central Asia and Siberia
32
Q

Ways 1920’s tolerant approach was reversed

A
  • celebration of local languages + culture seen as disloyalty to the USSR
  • Russian culture/language was shown to be superior to others
  • all schools had to teach Russian as the second language
  • during the purges many national minority leaders, teachers, activists, writers were arrested

Stalin (5 decks)

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