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BIOL 150 > Life History & Demography > Flashcards

Life History & Demography Flashcards

1
Q

positive effects of asexual reproduciton

A
  • higher fitness
  • rapid population growth
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2
Q

negative effects of asexual reproduction

A
  • low genetic variability
  • no way to get rid of bad genes
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3
Q

porfolio effect

A

genetic diversity allows orgaisms to respond better to environmental conditions

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4
Q

hermaphroditic

A

organisms have male and female organs

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5
Q

life history

A

sequence of organim’s life events; way that they allocate resources for growth and survival

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6
Q

life history trade-off

A

between survival and fecundity

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7
Q

life history trait

A

heritable trait that determines an aspect of organism’s life history and can change with conditions (e.g. number of offspring, lifespan)

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8
Q

life history strategy

A

pattern of traits that evolved by natural selection

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9
Q

high fedundity-low survivorship

A
  • reach sexual maturity earlier
  • produce many eggs/seeds
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10
Q

high survivorship-low fecundity

A
  • grows slowly
  • traits that protect from predators
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11
Q

demography

A

study of factors that determine population size and structure

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12
Q

4 factors affecting demography

A
  • birth
  • death
  • immigration
  • emigration
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13
Q

life table

A

a table that includes:
- age
- number of individuals
- fecundity
- survivory ship
- number of offspring/female born (survivorship x fecundity)

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14
Q

survivorship

A

proportion of individuals remaining from one age class to the next

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15
Q

types of surivorship curves

A

type 1: high survivorship when young, low when old
type 2: steady
type 3: low survivorship when young, high when old

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16
Q

fecundity

A

number of female offsping produced

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17
Q

R0

A

the growth rate of a population per generation, stable if R0=1

18
Q

survivorship curve of albertosaurus

A

predicted to be: type 3
actual: type 1

19
Q

per-capita popualtion growrth rate (r)

A

r = b-d
- difference between birth rate and death rate
- if r = 0, steady growrth rate

20
Q

How to calculate r based on R0?

A

r = ln(R0) / G

21
Q

population growth equation

A

Nt = N0^(r x t)

22
Q

maximum intrinsic growth rate (r max)

A
  • when birth rates peak and death rates are as low as possible
  • does not change for a species
23
Q

exponential population growth

A

population growth = r (N)
- r remains constant
- growth is not based on population size
- can occur for new population or bottleneck
- does not consider competition

24
Q

logistric population growth

A

population grorwth = (r) (K-N/K) (N)
- r declines
- growth is based on (declining) population size
- K = carrying capacity

25
Q

density dependent

A
  • based on growing/shrinking population size
  • factors are biotic (food, predators)
26
Q

density independent

A
  • based on a constant population size/growth
  • factors are abiotic (weather, natural disaster)
27
Q

antagonistic selection

A

when components of fitness oppose each other (e.g. sexual vs. fecundity)

28
Q

principle of allocation

A

enegry used for one function will reduce the enegry available for another

29
Q

semelparous

A

individuals generate multiple offspring, providing little parental care; increases fitness of parent but decreases fitness of young

30
Q

iteroparous

A

individuals produce less offspring with more parental care; increases fitness of young but decreases parent fitness

31
Q

metapopulations

A

populaitions that are linked by immigration/emigration

32
Q

ecological footprint

A

land and water area needed to sustain a population

33
Q

extinct

A

all members of species are not found anymore

34
Q

extinct in the wild

A

only living members of species are in captivity

35
Q

locally extinct

A

members of species are no longer found in a specific area

36
Q

ecologically extinct

A

members are reduced that it no longer has an effect on its community

37
Q

overkill hypothesis

A

human hunting resulted in the megafaunal excitntion

38
Q

background exctinction

A

the cause of most exctinctions

39
Q

ecosystem services

A

processes where natural ecosystems benefit humans (air purification, nutrient cycles)

40
Q

3 major causes of endangered spp

A

habitat loss, pollution, overexploitation

41
Q

Which mass excintion are we currently in?

A

6th, human induced

BIOL 150 (2 decks)

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