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BIOL 150 > Behavioural Ecology > Flashcards

Behavioural Ecology Flashcards

1
Q

Behaviour

A

an action that changes the relationship between an individual and its environment

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2
Q

4 Types of Behaviour

A
  • flexible
  • reflexive
  • instinctual
  • condition-dependent
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3
Q

Innate behaviour

A

a behviour that is inborn

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4
Q

Instintual Behaviour

A

an inborn behaviour that keeps the organism alive (natural insctints)

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5
Q

Flexible Behaviour

A

a condition-dependent behaviour that can be learned

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6
Q

Sexual Dimorphism

A

physical differences between males and females that can hinder its surival (against viability selection)

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7
Q

Sexual Selection

A

reproductive success based on ability to find a mate

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8
Q

Infanticide

A

when males kill each other’s offspring

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9
Q

Female Choice

A

an important factor of evolution leading to elaborate courtships by males

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10
Q

polygyny

A

when males mate with 2+ females

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11
Q

polyandry

A

when females mate with 2+ males

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12
Q

Sneaker Males

A

a behaviour that some males develop to avoid being eaten by the female after breeding

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13
Q

Diel Migration

A

daily migration usually involving a trade off between avoiding predators and access to food

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14
Q

Seasonal Migration

A

when a population/individuals migrate to a different location based on seasons

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15
Q

Migration

A

an intentional and often cylical movement of a population between 2 regions based on environmental factors

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16
Q

Dispersal

A

permanent movement of a population, usually from place of birth to new location

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17
Q

Communication

A

when the signal from one invidual alters the behaviour of another

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18
Q

Frequency-dependent selection

A

when fitness depends on how often a phenotype/genotype occurs in a population

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19
Q

“Lying”

A

when a false signal is displayed to trick other individuals, usually only works when rare

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20
Q

altrusim

A

a flexible behaviour where there is a direct cost to inididuval and a direct benefit to recipient, occurs between relatives

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21
Q

Kin Selection

A

when a behaviour that may lower surivival but increase fitness of a family member is favoured

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22
Q

Hamilton’s Rule

A

Br > C, if benefits multiplied by relatedness is greater than the costs of an altruistic behaviour, it will be selected for

23
Q

Indirect Fitness

A

helping a relative produce more offspring that they could without your help

24
Q

Reciprocal Altruism

A

exchange of fitness benefits that are seperated by time, occurs between non-relatives

25
Q

Vampire Bats

A
  • individuals allow hungry others to suck their blood
  • cost is very low
  • bats rememeber who helped them and will help in return
26
Q

commensalism

A

one memeber of species benefits and no effect on the other (+/0)

27
Q

coevolution

A

process where evolutionary traits of a species results in the traits or another

28
Q

intraspecific compeition

A

competition between members of the same species, factor of density-dependent population growth

29
Q

interspecific competition

A

compeition between different species

30
Q

preemptive compeition

A

a types of interspecific compeition where one species takes other the space of another

31
Q

territorial compeition

A

when a mobile species protects its feeding/breeding area from another

32
Q

encounter competition

A

when two species compete over a common resource

33
Q

niche

A

range of resources that a species can use, accounting neccesary conditions

33
Q

competitive exclusion

A

principle that states species with the exact same niche cannot coexist

34
Q

realized niche

A

niche of a species including competition

35
Q

character displacement

A

evolutionary changes to avoid niche overlap

36
Q

consumption

A

when one orgamism eats another (+/-)

37
Q

mullerian mimicry

A

when harmful species resemble each other to warn predators

38
Q

batesian mimicry

A

when harmless species resemble harmful species

39
Q

inducible defenses

A

defense strategies that only occur when in danger and can be costly to maintain

40
Q

mutualism

A

a behaviour that both parties benefit from (+/+)

41
Q

species richness

A

number of species in an area

42
Q

species abundance

A

number of individuals in a species (population in an area)

43
Q

Shannon Diversity Index

A

species diversity = sum of
(species proportions) ln (species proportions)

44
Q

Keystone Species

A

a species that has a dramatic effect on a community when added/removed

45
Q

bottom-up control

A

when abiotic factors determine the number of primary producers

46
Q

top-down influences

A

removal of high-tropic level predators having an effect on lower-trophic levels

47
Q

Frederick Clements

A

believed that communities are extremely predicatable and reach a final stable stage known as climax community

48
Q

Henry Gleason

A

believed that communities are not predictable and are instable

49
Q

primary succession

A

recovery after a distrurbance that removes organisms in soil and on land

50
Q

secondary succession

A

recovery after a distrubance that removes organisms on land but not in soil

51
Q

Theory of Island Biogeography

A
  • size and level of isolation of an island determines biodiversity
  • assumes equilbrium
  • works better at small scales
52
Q

5 Hypothesis for LDG

(Latitude Diversity Gradient)

A
  • high productivity
  • energy (temperature)
  • time (more time for specication)
  • intermidiate disturbance
  • area & age

BIOL 150 (2 decks)

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