Life Course Chapter 6 Adolescence Flashcards
adolescence
characterized by significant physical change, increased hormone production, sexual maturation, improved cognitive functioning, formative identity development and increased independence.
increased hormoeproduction
results in a period called puberty, during which persons become capable of reproduction.
psychological changes
reactions to physical, social, and cultural changes confronting the adolescent, as well as cognitive development, in which most individuals develp improved reasoning skills, abstract thinking, a sense of their own thinking and the ability to consider potential future consequences of their actions
greatest task of adolecence
identity formation - determining who one is and where one is going.
dangers of Eurocentric education model
little regard for other cultures, pushes at risk students out, may damage the self esteem of students of color, those with disabilities or sexual minority students
physical and mental health risks of adolescence
substance abuse, juvenile delinquency, bullying, violence, poverty, low educational attainment, eating issues, and depression and suicide.
rites of passage
ceremonies that demarcate the transition from childhood to adulthood
Biological changes of early adolescence (11-14)
Hormonal changes
beginning of puberty
physical appearance
possible experimentation with sex and substances
Psychological changes of early adolescence (11-14)
Reactions to physical changes, including early maturation
Concrete/present-oriented thought
body modesty
moodiness
Social changes of early adolescence (11-14)
Changes in relationships with parents and peers
less school structure
distancing from culture/tradition
seeking samenesss
Biological changes of middle adolescence (15-17)
completion of puberty and physical appearance changes
Possible experimentation with sex and substances
Psychological changes of middle adolescence (15-17)
Reactions to physical changes, including late maturation Increased autonomy Increased abstract thought Beginning of identity development Preparation for college or career
Social changes of middle adolescence (15-17)
Heightened social situation decision making
Continue to renegotiate family relationships
More focus on peer group
Beginning of one-to-one romantic relationships
Moving toward greater community participation
Biological changes of late adolescence (18-22)
Slowing of physical changes
Possible experimentation with sex and substances
Psychological changes of late adolescence (18-22)
Formal operational thought
Continuation of identity development
Moral reasoning
Social changes of late adolescence (18-22)
Very little school/life structure
Beginning of intimate relationships
Renewed interest in culture/tradition
Puberty
the period of the life course in which the reproductive system matures
gonads
ovaries and testes
sex hormones
androgens, progestins, and estrogens that affect the development and functioning of the gonads
primary sex characteristics
those directly related to the reproductive organs and external genitalia (penis, scrotum, ovaries, uterus, vagina, clitoris, labia)
secondary sex characteristics
those not directly related to the reproductive organs and external genetalia (enlarged breasts and hips, facial hair, deeper voices, hair and swear gland changes)
menarche
the onset of menstruation
spermarche
the onset of the ability to ejaculate mobile sperm
three main cognitive development areas of adolescence
- Improved reasoning skills
- abstract thinking
- meta-cognition
improved reasoning skills
the ability to consider a range of possibilities, to think hypothetically and to engage in logical analysis
abstract thinking
the ability to imagine things not seen or experienced
meta-cognition
the ability to think about thinking
Genital State developmental stage major task or processes
to develop libido capable of reprodution and sexual intimacy FREUD
Identity versus role diffusion developmental stage major task or processes
to find one’s place in the world through self-certainty versus apathy, role experimentation versus negative identity, and anticipation of achievement versus work parlysis ERIKSON
affiliation versus abandonment (early adolescence) developmental stage major task or processes
to search for membership, acceptance, and group identity, versus as sense of being left behind, rejected and abandoned KEGAN
Formal Operational Thought developmental stage major task or processes
to develop the capacity for abstract problem formulation, hypothesis development and solution texting PIAGET
Postconventional Morality developmental stage major task or processes
to develop moral principles that transcend one’s own society: individual ethics, societal rights, and universal principles of rights and wrong
Marcia’s 4 identity statuses
- identity diffusion: no commitment made to roles and values, with or without exploration
- foreclosure: commitment made to roles and values without exploration
- Moratorium: exploration of roles and values without commitment
- Identity achievement: exploration of roles and values followed by commitment
postconventional moral reasoning
morality based on moral principles that transcend social rules, but that may never go beyond conventional morality, or morality based on social rules. KOHLBERG
Rosenberg’s identities in three parts
Social identity: made up of several elements derived from interaction with other people and social systems, including social statuses, membership groups, and social types
Dispositions: self-ascribed aspects of identity
Physical characteristics - one’s physical traits which all contribute a great deal to sense of self.
Social identity (Rosenberg)
Social statuses, membersship groups, labels, derived statuses, social types and personal identities
disposition (Rosenberg)
attitudes, traits, abilities, values, personality traits, habits, tendencies, likes or preferences
physical characteristics (Rosenberg)
height, weight, body build, facial features
gender identity
the internalized understanding of one’s gender
generalized other
concept to represent how others are likely to view and respond
individualism
the development of a self or identity that is unique and seperate
sexual orientation
erotic, romantic, and affectionate attraction to people of the same sex, opposite sex or both sexes
status offenses
running away from home, skipping school, violating curfew and possessing tobacco or alcohol
juvenile delinquency
when adolescents are found guilty of committing either a crime or a status offence
verbal bullying
saying or writing mean things
social/relational bullying
hurting a person’s reputation, leaving someone out on purpose, telling others not to be friends with someone, spreading rumors, publicly embarrassing.
physical bullying
hurting a person’s body or possessions
Acquaintance rape
forced, manipulated, or coerced sexual contact by someone known to the victim
Statutory rape
having sex with someone younger than an age specified by law as being capable of making informed, voluntary decision.
eating disorders
anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder
anorexia nervosa
distorted body image and excessive dieting that results in severe weight loss. pathological fear of becoming fat.
bulimia nervosa
episodes of binge eating followed by behaviors such as self induced vomiting at least once a week to avoid weight gain
binge eating disorder
recurring episodes of eating significantly excessive amounts of food in a short period of time; the episodes are accompanied by feelings of lack of control
sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
consequences can include infertility and death. Adolescents comprise almost half of 20 million new cases each year.
