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History - Unit Three (USA) > Life Between 1930 and 1945 > Flashcards

Life Between 1930 and 1945 Flashcards

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1
Q

What was employment like in the 1920s?

A

Thanks to rugged individualism there was a boom in employment because more people became self employed.

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2
Q

What were three good effects of the Roaring 20s?

A
  • Growth in female employment in advertising
  • 2/3 of homes got electricity
  • New goods were produced like vacuum cleaners and radios
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3
Q

What were three negative effects of the Roaring 20s?

A
  • No progress made for Black Americans
  • Farmers overproduced
  • Mechanisation meant food prices fell
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4
Q

Why did the Wall Street Crash happen?

A

1) Companies and farmers were overproducing and poorly paid workers couldn’t afford the goods.
2) 42% of roper weren’t earning a living wage
3) The US was taxing imported goods so other countries repatriated by putting extra taxes on US exports. Export market shrank.
4) Market speculators played the market with money they didn’t have.

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5
Q

What happened on 24 October 1929?

A

Black Thursday - the price of stocks and shares crashed.

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6
Q

How did bankers react to Black Thursday?

A

They got involved and tried to balance the books and keep everything stable. Prices began to rise again.

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7
Q

What happened on 28 October 1929?

A

9,212,800 shares were sold as prices began to plummet again.

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8
Q

What happened on 29 October 1929?

A

16,410,030 shares were traded as prices hit rock bottom and people were desperate to get rid of them. The market crashes.

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9
Q

How did the Wall Street Crash lead to the depression?

A

People were less willing to spend money so demand went down leading to redundancies. Unemployment rocketed up an President Hoover refused to help under the principle of Laissez-faire.

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10
Q

What were Hoovervilles?

A

Shanty towns that the unemployed set up to protect against Hoover’s refusal to help them. People slept under “Hoover blankets” - piles of newspaper - and showed their “Hoover flags” - open empty pockets.

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11
Q

What was a Hoover wagon?

A

A car with two horses tied to it. It was to show that people couldn’t afford petrol.

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12
Q

What was the Dustbowl?

A

A period of drought in America that coincided with the Wall Street Crash. This meant that crops failed so there was a lack of food and farmers couldn’t afford to work.

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13
Q

How many people lost savings in the Wall Street Crash?

A

9,000,000

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14
Q

How many banks went bankrupt during the Wall Street Crash?

A

5,000

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15
Q

How many people were unemployed at the peak of the depression?

A

13,000,000

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16
Q

What was the Bonus Army?

A

A group of veterans who marched to Washington in 1932 to demand the early payment of their $500 bonuses which were scheduled to be paid in 1945.

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17
Q

What was the result of the Bonus Army?

A

They set up a Hooverville in front of the White House but the army dispelled them quickly.

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18
Q

What did people have to depend on in place of social security?

A

Handouts from private charity or begging and scavenging.

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19
Q

Who were the Arkies and Oakies?

A

The Arkies from Arkansas and the Okies from Oklahoma packed up their homes and families and travelled west in search of jobs on fruit farms. They were successful because they accepted less money than the locals.

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20
Q

What were hobos?

A

Homeless people who caught freight trains around the USA in search of work.

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21
Q

How many hobos were there estimated to be in the USA in 1933?

A

2 million

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22
Q

What were three ways the depression affected family life?

A
  • Marriages and birth rates fell
  • Suicides increased
  • Schools closed
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23
Q

How did Hoover try to deal with depression?

A
  • Asked business leaders not to cut production or wages
  • Lent money to farmers
  • Cut taxes
  • Got $1.8bn to build new roads and dams
  • Expanded public works projects
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24
Q

What did the Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act do?

A

It increased import duties

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25
Q

When was the Hawley-Smoot Tariff act introduced?

A

1930

26
Q

Who ran against Hoover in the 1932 presidential election?

A

Francis Delano Roosevelt

27
Q

What two things did Hoover promise during his 1932 campaign?

A
  • “Two cars in every garage and a chicken in every pot”

* “Prosperity is just around the corner”

28
Q

What did FDR talk about during his election campaign?

A
  • 3Rs and the New Deal
  • End prohibition
  • “Action and action now”
29
Q

Who won the 1932 election?

A

Roosevelt

30
Q

What were the 3Rs?

A

Relief, Reform and Recovery

31
Q

How many terms of office did FDR serve?

A

4

32
Q

What did FDR say in his first speech as president?

A

“The only thing we have to fear is fear itself.”

33
Q

What was Roosevelt’s 100 days?

A

For the first 100 days of his presidency, FDR was given emergency powers to try and sort out the country’s issues.

34
Q

What did FDR do in March 1933?

A

He closed all the banks and went over their books. Only the ones he deemed stable enough were allowed to reopen.

35
Q

What were the Alphabet Agencies?

A

Individual agencies that were created to carry out a specific part of the New Deal.

36
Q

What were the fireside chats?

A

A series of addresses my FDR over the radio to inform the general public on what was going on in the White House. They made people feel a lot closer to their president.

37
Q

What was the AAA?

A

The Agricultural Adjustment Act paid farmers to produce fewer crops to try and keep prices decent.

38
Q

What was the TVA?

A

The Tennessee Valley Authority gave money to develop poor agricultural regions.

39
Q

What was the CCC?

A

The Civilian Conservation Corps gave jobs to young unemployed men.

40
Q

What was FERA?

A

The Federal Emergency Relief Administration provided $500,000,000 of relief to people who were thought to have needed it the most.

41
Q

What was the Second New Deal? When was it enacted?

A

The Second New Deal was a continuation of FDR’s policies which set up more agencies. It was enacted in 1935.

42
Q

What was the WPA?

A

The Works Progress Administration funded community projects.

43
Q

What was the Fair Labour Standards Act?

A

An act that established minimum wages and maximum hours which meant that working conditions improved.

44
Q

What was the Social Security Act?

A

An act which introduced pension benefits for the elderly, orphaned and injured. It was funded by tax on the payrolls of employers.

45
Q

What was meant by priming the pump?

A

The idea that if the government spent money to help the workers then the economy would regenerate itself as people would have more disposable income to put back into the economy.

46
Q

What were the successes of the New Deal?

A
  • Regained the trust of the public
  • The elderly, disabled and workers had benefited from pensions and improved rights
  • Industry and agriculture began to recover
47
Q

Why did some criticise the New Deal?

A
  • Black Americans and women still didn’t have equal rights
  • Smaller farmers and city workers weren’t helped
  • Unemployment was still at 9 million in 1939
  • Too many taxes
  • The Supreme Court said some aspects were unconstitutional
48
Q

When did America join the Second World War?

A

December 1940 after the bombing of their military base at Pearl Harbour.

49
Q

What was the impact of World War Two on women?

A

Women gained jobs in manufacturing to replace the men who had gone to war. By the end of the war 28.8% of the workforce was female, although they got paid 60% less than men and weren’t able to access the top tier jobs.

50
Q

What happened to the women who started working in factories after the war?

A

They were forced to relinquish their jobs along with their salaries and related independence. Many still faced sexist attitudes.

51
Q

What was the situation like for Black Americans in the early war?

A

They were only allowed in Jim Crow units and were forbidden from the Air Force and marines. In the Navy they were given the most dangerous jobs such as ammunition loaders.

52
Q

What did General Eisenhower do in 1944 to help Black Americans?

A

He endorsed Integrated Combat Units which allowed the Black Americans to join any regiment and receive any rank they wanted.

53
Q

What was the Double V campaign?

A

The campaign amongst the Black Americans to beat Hitler overseas and defeat racism back home. Many saw the irony of fighting against oppression when they were experiencing it on a daily basis at home.

54
Q

What was the effect of World War Two on Japanese Americans?

A

In the wake of Pearl Harbour, the government tried to herd the Japanese Americans into internment camps to control them and to make sure they always knew what they were doing. 100,000 people were sent to camps and a further 1,000 were sent to internment camps.

55
Q

How many Japanese Americans joined the army to try and escape being sent to internment camps?

A

9,000

56
Q

What was the problem with the Issei and the Nisei?

A

There was no attempt to distinguish between the Issei (Japanese) and Nisei (Japanese Americans) when the government were sending people to internment camps.

57
Q

What was the effect of the Second World War on the economy?

A

America was richer and was in the position to give out loans to other nations. Farming was also back on its feet.

58
Q

What was the effect of the Second World War on America’s power?

A

It emerged as a superpower and was key in establishing the UN.

59
Q

What was the effect of the Second World War on business and technology?

A

America became a hub for TNCs and technology. It was also the only country at that point to have an atomic bomb.

60
Q

What was the effect of the Second World War on American culture?

A

US films and music spread across the globe with people like Elvis gaining global recognition. People all over the world tried to copy the American way of life.

History - Unit Three (USA) (6 decks)

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