Life at the Cellular Level Flashcards
Define metabolism catabolism
the set of metabolic pathways that breaks down molecules into smaller units
Define metabolism anabolism
the set of metabolic pathways that construct molecules from smaller units.
why are catabolism and anabolism interdependent
anabolic reaction utilizes the reactants of the catabolic reactions to form complex compounds
Difference between the process of substrate-level and oxidative phosphorylation
substrate level phosphorylation is a direct phosphorylation of ADP with a phosphate group by using the energy obtained from a coupled reaction whereas oxidative phosphorylation is the production of ATP from the oxidised NADH and FADH .
Major elements used to construct human biomolecules
99% of our bodies are made up of Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon
(as well as sulphur and phosphorus)
Importance of chemical functional groups
they are the portion of a molecule that is capable of characteristic reactions. They, therefore, determine the properties and chemistry of many organic compounds
Importance of molecular configuration and conformation
key to understanding Nature’s intricate design mechanisms and blueprints.
Examples of chemical reactions occurring in living organisms (5)
redox reaction
making and breaking C-C bonds
internal rearrangements
group transfers
condensation and hydrolysis reactions
General structure of proteins
multiple amino acids linked together by peptide bonds, forming a long peptide chain which folds to create the shape of the protein liked together by hydrogen, disulphide, covalent bonds and LDF
General structure of nucleic acids
phosphate group
base
ribose sugar
General structure of Polysaccharides
chains made up of monosaccharides
bonded together by glycosidic bonds
common monomer units are glucose, fructose, mannose and galactose
General structure of lipids
glycerol backbone
2 fatty acid tails (hydrophobic),
phosphate group (hydrophilic).
What structure is present in all cells
plasma membrane
Roles of eukaryotic animal cell organelles
nucleus: contains genetic information
nucleolus: produce and assemble ribosomes
endoplasmic reticulum: transportation system and assembly of proteins
ribosome: site of protein synthesis
golgi apparatus: processing and packaging of proteins ie. post translational modification
lysosome: break down excess or worn-out cell parts
peroxisome: organelles that sequester diverse oxidative reactions and play important roles in metabolism, reactive oxygen species detoxification, and signalling
mitochondrion: site of respiration
flagellum: motility
cilium: to move water relative to the cell in a regular movement of the cilia.
structure of plasma membrane
very flexible
phospholipid bilayer
proteins embedded - integral, peripheral
carbohydrates
cholesterol
