Introduction to Medical Sciences and Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

General organisation of body systems

A

Cells are organised into tissue, tissue is organised into organs and organs are organised into organ systems

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2
Q

Outline the role of each major system in maintaining health and optimal homeostasis

A

Nervous, endocrine and musculoskeletal – to seek and supply and access nutrients

Respiratory – to supply 02 and disposal

Alimentary – break down food to usable forms and absorb across gut wall to blood stream and disposal

Cardiovascular – transport O2 and nutrients into bloodstream and transport C02 and waste from cells

Nervous and endocrine - o0ordinate and control all these processes

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3
Q

Define the term homeostasis

A

Prevention of disturbance in the system

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4
Q

Importance of maintaining constancy of the internal environment

A

Homeostasis maintains optimal conditions for enzyme action throughout the body, as well as all cell functions. It is the maintenance of a constant internal environment despite changes in internal and external conditions.

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5
Q

Principles of Negative Feedback

A

Self-limiting – the condition that triggers the homeostatic response becomes switched off/removed by that response

Size of response is proportional to size of disturbance

Restores the regulated condition after its initial disturbance but cant prevent it happening

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6
Q

Principles of feed forward control

A

More sophisticated and to some extent predict and prevent change

Additional receptors permit system to anticipate change and therefor activate response earlier – “pre-empts” change in condition

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7
Q

Principles of positive feedback

A

Has opposite effect to negative feedback

Sets of a train of events that lead to an even greater disturbance

Commonly associated with pathology

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8
Q

Outline daily water balance in a person

A

Process that is homeostatically controlled

water makes up 60% of body weight

water effects the concentration of everything else in the body

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9
Q

What are the different fluid compartments

A

Intracellular fluid = ICF

Interstitial fluid (between cells)
= extracellular fluid ECF
Plasma (fluid component of blood)

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10
Q

Importance of the natural barriers which separate body compartments

A

Water can move freely between the intracellular, interstitial and plasma fluid

Movement is subject to forces such as osmosis

The body can survive only as long as the composition of the ECF is maintained in a state compatible with the survival of its individual cells

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11
Q

Define the dilution principle

A

C=m/v or v=m/c

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12
Q

Use of dilution principle to measure body fluid compartments

A
  1. Inject a substance that will stay in one compartment only (plasma, ECF,TBW)
  2. Then calculate the volume of distribution = amount injected (minus any removed by excretion or metabolism), divided by the concentration of the sampled fluid
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13
Q

How can each compartment be measures using the dilution principle

A

Only plasma can be sampled – only compartments of which plasma is a component (plasma, ECF, TBW)

Plasma volume (PV) = use dyes or radioactive labels that attach to plasma proteins eg. Evans blue or I125 dbumin

Extracellular volume (ECF) = need something that freely crosses capillary walls, but can’t cross cell membrane eg. Insulin, sucrose or Na+, Cl-

Total body water (TBW) = no barriers to water in body so can use a loading dose of heavy water/ deuterated water (D2O)

ISF = ECF-PV OR TBW-ECF

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