Life and Physical Sciences Flashcards
carbohydrates
sugars and starches, which the body breaks down into glucose.
lipids
fatty acids and their derivatives that are insoluble in water.
macromolecules
a molecule that contains a large number of atoms.
monomers
molecules that can bond to similar or identical molecules to form a polymer.
nucleic acid
long molecules made of nucleotides; DNA and RNA.
polymer
a substance composed of similar units bonded together
proteins
molecules composed of amino acids joined by peptide bonds.
chromatid
one of the tow duplicates of a chromosome formed during the cell cycle.
chromosome
a structure made of protein and one molecule of DNA
deoxyribose sugar
the sugar portion of a deoxyribose nucleotide.
DNA
the material that contains genetic information.
gene
a string of DNA that is the basic unit of heredity.
hydrogen bond
a type of non covalent bond; a weak attraction between a hydrogen atom bound to an electronegative atom and a second highly electronegative atom.
nucleotide
the building block of DNA and RNA.
nucleus
a large organelle within a cell that houses the chromosomes.
phosphate group
a phosphorous atom bound to 4 oxygen atoms.
dihybrid cross
a cross between parents heterozygous at two specific genes.
dominant
refers to the most powerful trait or the allele for that trait.
genotype
the genetic makeup of an individual
inheritance
transmission of characteristics to offspring.
Mendelian Inheritance
Inheritance of traits that follow Gregor mendel’s two laws and the principle of dominance.
monohybrid cross
a cross between parents heterozygous at one specific gene.
non-mendelian inheritance
inheritance of traits that do not follow mendelian patterns of inheritance.
phenotype
physical appearance of a trait formed by genetics and environment.
recessive
refers to traits that are masked if dominant alleles are also present; also refers to the allele for that trait.
anion
a negatively charged ion.
atom
the most basic complete unit of an element.
cation
a positively charged ion.
covalent bond
a chemical bond in which electron pairs are shared between atoms.
electron
a negatively charged atomic particle.
group
a column of elements in the periodic table.
ion
a positively or negatively charged atom or molecule.
ionic bond
the bond between two oppositely charged ions.
neutron
a atom particle with no electric charge.
orbital
an area around the nucleus where an electron can be found.
period
one of the seven horizontal rows in the periodic tables
periodic table
the table of elements expressed as columns and rows
proton
a positively charged atomic particle.
valence electron
an electron in an outer orbital that can form bonds with other atoms.
boiling point
the temperature at which a liquid boils and turns into vapor.
chemical properties
characteristics of a material that present during a chemical reaction or chemical change.
density
the amount of mass per volume.
diffusion
the passive movement of substances from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration.
extensive properties
properties that depend on the size of the sample of a substance.
intensive properties
properties that do not depend on the size of the sample of a substance.
malleability
the ability of a metal to be shaped.
melting point
the temperature at which a solid changes to a liquid.
nonpolar
a type of covalent bond in which atoms share electrons at equal distances from their atomic nuclei.
osmosis
passage of fluid through a membrane.
physical properties
observable properties of matter.
polar
a type of covalent bond in which two atoms share electrons that are not at equal distances from their atomic nuclei.
specific heat capacity
the amount of energy needed to change the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree celsius.
boiling
the transition of liquid to gas when a substance has acquired enough thermal energy.
condensation
the transition of a gas to a liquid.
critical point
the temperature at which the liquid and gas phases of a substance have the same density.
deposition
the transition of a substance from gas to solid without passing through the liquid state.
evaporation
the transition of liquid to gas that happens with or without the substance acquiring enough thermal energy to reach its boiling point.
freezing
the transition of a liquid to a solid.
gas
a state of matter that does not have a definite volume or shape and is highly compressible.
liquid
a state of matter that has definite volume but not definite shape.
melting
the transition of a solid to a liquid.
phase diagram
a graph of physical states of a substance under varying states of a substance under varying temperature and pressure.
solid
a state of matter that retains its shape and density when not contained.
sublimation
the transition of a substance from solid to gas without passing through the liquid state
triple point
the temperature and pressure at which solid, liquid, and vapor phases of a pure substance coexist.
acid
a substance with a pH less than 7.
base
a substance with a pH greater than 7.
catalyst
a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without undergoing permanent chemical change.
chemical equation
mathematic representation of a chemical reaction.
compound
a substance made of two or more elements.
element
pure substances that cannot be broken into simpler substances.
enzyme
a substance produced by a living thing that acts as a catalyst.
metal
a substance that is a good conductor of electricity and heat, forms cations by loss of electrons, and yield basic oxides and hydroxides.
nonmetal
any element or substance that is not a metal.
organic molecule
a molecule found in a living thing that contains carbon
pH
the measure of acidity or alkalinity
salt
a chemical compound formed from the reaction of an acid with a base, with at least part of the hydrogen of the acid replaced by a cation.
