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ATI Teas Exam > Anatomy & Physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

anatomical position

A

Standard positioning of the body as standing; feet together ; arms to the side ; with head; eyes, and palms of hands forward.

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2
Q

cells

A

The basic structural unit of an organism from which living things are created.

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3
Q

cellular functions

A

Processes that include growth, metabolism, and replication, protein synthesis, and movement

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4
Q

directional terminology

A

Words used to explain relationships of locations of anatomical elements. ( distal, posterior, medial).

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5
Q

organ systems

A

Functional groups of organs that work together within the body; circulatory, integumentary, skeletal, reproductive, digestive, urinary, respiratory, endocrine, lymphatic, muscular, nervous.

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6
Q

organelle

A

A specialized part of a cell that has a specific function.

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7
Q

organ

A

A self contained part of an organism that performs a specific function.

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8
Q

reference planes

A

Planes dividing the body to describe locations: sagittal, coronal, and transverse.

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9
Q

tissue

A

A group of cells with similar structure that function together as a unit, but a lower level than organs.

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10
Q

alveoli

A

Tiny air sacs in the lungs where exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place.

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11
Q

asthma

A

A lung disease characterized by inflamed, narrowed airways and difficulty breathing.

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12
Q

bronchi

A

The main passageways directly attached to the lungs.

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13
Q

bronchioles

A

Small passages in the lungs that connect bronchi to alveoli

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14
Q

cystic fibrosis

A

A genetic disorder that affects the lungs and other organs, characterized by difficulty breathing, coughing up sputum, and lung infections.

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15
Q

perfusion

A

The passage of fluid to an organ or a tissue

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16
Q

pleura

A

A membrane around the lungs and inside the chest cavity

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17
Q

surfactant

A

A fluid secreted by alveoli and found in the lungs

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18
Q

tidal volume

A

The amount of air breather in a normal inhalation or exhalation

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19
Q

trachea

A

The windpipe, which connects the larynx to the lungs

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20
Q

ventilation

A

The movement of air in and out of the body via inhalation and exhalation

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21
Q

arteries

A

blood vessels that deliver blood from the heart to other parts of the body.

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22
Q

capillary

A

small blood vessels that connect to venules.

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23
Q

diastole

A

the portion of the cardiac cycle in which the heart refills with blood.

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24
Q

heart

A

the muscle that pumps blood throughout the body.

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25
Q

hemoglobin

A

the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body.

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26
Q

leukocyte

A

white blood cells, which protect the body against disease.

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27
Q

lymph

A

clear fluid that moves throughout the lymphatic system to fight disease.

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28
Q

lymphocyte

A

a subtype of white blood cell found in the lymph.

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29
Q

plasma

A

the pale yellow component of blood that carries red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets throughout the body.

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30
Q

systole

A

the portion of the cardiac cycle in which the heart expels blood.

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31
Q

vein

A

blood vessels that carry blood to the heart.

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32
Q

anus

A

the opening of the rectum from which solid waste is expelled.

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33
Q

bolus

A

a mass of food that has been chewed and swallowed.

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34
Q

chyme

A

the semifluid mass of partly digested food that moves from the stomach to the small intestine.

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35
Q

enzymatic digestion

A

the breakdown of food by enzymes for absorption.

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36
Q

gall bladder

A

the organ that stores bile

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37
Q

large intestine

A

known as the colon, where vitamins and water are absorbed before feces is stored prior to elimination.

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38
Q

liver

A

the organ that produced bile, regulates glycogen storage, and performs other bodily functions.

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39
Q

mouth

A

the oral cavity at the entry to the alimentary canal.

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40
Q

pancreas

A

the gland of the digestive and endocrine systems that produces insulin and secretes pancreatic juices.

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41
Q

peristalsis

A

a series of muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract.

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42
Q

rectum

A

the last section of the large intestine, ending with the anus.

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43
Q

saliva

A

the clear liquid found in the mouth, also known as spit.

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44
Q

small intestine

A

the part of the GI tract between the stomach and large intestine that includes the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, where digestion and absorption of food occurs.

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45
Q

stomach

A

the organ between the esophagus and small intestine in which the major portion of digestion occurs.

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46
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

the part of the peripheral nervous system that regulates unconscious body functions such as breathing and heart rate.

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47
Q

axon

A

a nerve fiber that carries a nerve impulse away from the neuron cell body.

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48
Q

contraction

A

the process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in a muscle.

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49
Q

involuntary

A

without intentional control.

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50
Q

muscle

A

fibrous tissue that produces force and motion to move the body or produce movement in parts of the body.

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51
Q

nerve

A

a bundle of nerve fibers that transmits electrical impulses toward and away from the brain and spinal cord.

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52
Q

reflex

A

an involuntary action to a stimulus.

53
Q

relaxation

A

release of tension in a muscle

54
Q

synapse

A

the structure that allows neurons to pass signals to other neurons, muscles, or glands.

55
Q

cervix

A

the passage that forms the lower part of the uterus.

56
Q

estrogen

A

female sex hormones.

57
Q

fallopian tubes

A

tubes that carry eggs from the ovaries to the uterus.

58
Q

ovary

A

organ in which eggs are produced for reproduction.

59
Q

penis

A

organ for elimination of urine and sperm from the male body.

60
Q

prostate

A

the gland in males that controls the release of urine and secretes a part of semen the enhances motility and fertility of sperm.

61
Q

scrotum

A

the pouch of skin that contains the testicles.

62
Q

testes (testicles)

A

the organs that produce sperm.

63
Q

testosterone

A

the hormone that stimulates male secondary sexual characteristics.

64
Q

urethra

A

the tube that connects the bladder to the exterior of the body.

65
Q

uterus

A

The womb.

66
Q

vagina

A

the tube that connects the external genitals to the cervix.

67
Q

vas deferens

A

the duct in which sperm moves from a testicle to the urethra.

68
Q

constrict

A

to become narrower.

69
Q

dermis

A

the middle layer of the skin.

70
Q

dilate

A

to become wider.

71
Q

epidermis

A

the outer layer of the skin.

72
Q

excretion

A

elimination of metabolic waste from the body.

73
Q

gland

A

an organ that secretes a substance.

74
Q

integumentary system

A

an organ system comprised of skin and its associated organs.

75
Q

skin

A

the thin layer of tissue that covers the body.

76
Q

subcutaneous

A

under the dermis

77
Q

sweat

A

perspiration excreted by sweat glands through the skin.

78
Q

adrenal

A

a gland above the kidney that produces hormones to regulate heart rate, blood pressure, and other functions.

79
Q

hormones

A

a chemical messenger produced by a gland and transported by the bloodstream that regulates specific processes in the body.

80
Q

parathyroid

A

an endocrine gland in the neck that produces parathyroid hormone.

81
Q

pineal gland

A

a small gland near the center of the brain that secretes melatonin.

82
Q

pituitary

A

the endocrine gland at the base of the brain that controls growth and development.

83
Q

thymus

A

the lymphoid organ that produced t-cells.

84
Q

thyroid gland

A

the gland in the neck that secretes hormones that regulate growth, development, and metabolic rate.

85
Q

cardiovascular system

A

the system comprised of the heart and blood vessels

86
Q

kidneys

A

the pair of organs that regulate fluid balance and filter waste from the blood.

87
Q

nephron

A

the part of the kidney responsible for filtering and excretion.

88
Q

renal arteries

A

the two branches of the abdominal aorta that supply the kidneys.

89
Q

renal cortex

A

the outer layer of the kidney.

90
Q

renal medulla

A

the innermost part of the kidney.

91
Q

renal pelvis

A

the center of the kidney where urine collects before moving to the ureter.

92
Q

renal vein

A

a vein carrying blood from a kidney to the inferior vena cava.

93
Q

renin

A

an enzyme released by the kidney when reduced blood pressure is detected by baroreceptors in aorta and carotid arteries.

94
Q

urea

A

the main nitrogenous part of urine.

95
Q

ureter

A

the duct that conducts urine from the kidney to the bladder.

96
Q

urinary bladder

A

the structure that stores urine in the body elimination.

97
Q

urine

A

liquid waster matter excreted by the kidneys.

98
Q

adaptive immune system

A

a kind of passive or active immunity in which antibodies to a particular antigen are present in the body.

99
Q

antibody

A

a blood protein that counteracts a specific antigen.

100
Q

antigens

A

substances on the surfaces of agents that act to identify them to the body, as being native or foreign.

101
Q

antigen presenting cel’ (APC )

A

a cell that displays foreign antigens with major histocompatibility complexes on their surfaces.

102
Q

antimicrobial

A

a substance that kills or inhibits growth of micro- organisms with minimal damage to the host.

103
Q

B cell

A

lymphocytes that mature in bone marrow and make antibodies in response to antigens.

104
Q

barrier

A

a divider between parts of the body.

105
Q

complement

A

a group of proteins in blood serum and plasma that works with antibodies to destroy particulate antigens.

106
Q

dendritic cell

A

antigen presenting cells that process antigen material and present it to T cells.

107
Q

immunoglobulin

A

an antibody

108
Q

innate immune system

A

a collection of nonspecific barriers and cellular responses that serve as an inborn first and second line of defense against pathogens.

109
Q

macrophage

A

a large white blood cell that ingests foreign material.

110
Q

memory cell

A

a lymphocyte that responds to an antigen upon reintroduction.

111
Q

phagocytosis

A

ingestion of particles by a cell or phagocyte.

112
Q

plasma cell

A

a white blood cell that produces a single type of antibody.

113
Q

T Cell

A

white blood cells that mature in the thymus and participate in immune response.

114
Q

bone

A

hard, calcified material that makes up the skeleton.

115
Q

brittle bone disease

A

a group of diseases that affect collagen and result in fragile bones.

116
Q

canaliculi

A

mircoscoping canals in ossified bone.

117
Q

cartilage

A

tough, elastic connective tissue found in parts of the body such as the ear.

118
Q

collagen

A

the primary structural protein of connective tissue.

119
Q

haversian canal

A

channels in bone that contain blood vessels and nerves

120
Q

lamellae

A

layers of bone, tissue, or cell walls.

121
Q

lining cells

A

flattened bones cells that come from osteoblasts.

122
Q

osteoarthritis

A

degenerative joint disease.

123
Q

osteoblasts

A

cells that make bone.

124
Q

osteoclasts

A

cells that remove bone.

125
Q

osteocytes

A

bone cells.

126
Q

osteons

A

cylindrical structures that comprise compact bone.

127
Q

osteoporosis

A

a disease that causes brittle, fragile bones.

128
Q

rheumatoid arthritis

A

a progressive disease that causes joint inflammation and pain.

129
Q

volkmann canal

A

channels in bone that transmits blood vessels and communicate with haversian canals.

ATI Teas Exam (3 decks)

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