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RPE Bullard > Life And Death > Flashcards

Life And Death Flashcards

0
Q

Assisted suicide

A

Providing a seriously ill person with the means to commit suicide

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1
Q

Abortion

A

The removal of a foetus from the womb before it can survive by itself

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2
Q

Euthanasia

A

The painless killing of someone dying from a painful disease

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3
Q

Immortality of the soul

A

The idea that the soul lives on after the death of the body

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4
Q

Near-death experience

A

When someone about to die has an out of body experience

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5
Q

Non-voluntary euthanasia

A

Ending someone’s life painlessly when they are unable to ask, but you have a good reason for thinking they would want you to do so

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6
Q

Paranormal

A

Unexplained things which are though to have spiritual causes, eg ghosts

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7
Q

Quality of life

A

The idea that life must have some benefits for it to be worth living

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8
Q

Reincarnation

A

The belief that, after death, souls are reborn in a new body

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9
Q

Resurrection

A

The belief that, after death, the body stays in the grave until the end of the world when it is raised

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10
Q

Sanctity of life

A

The belief that life is holy and belongs to God

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11
Q

Voluntary euthanasia

A

Ending life painlessly when someone is In great pain asking for death

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12
Q

Sanctity of Life

A

“We belong to the Lord” - Romans
“God created man in his own image” - Genesis
“You shall not commit murder” - Exodus
“Your body is a temple of the Holy Spirit” - Corinthians

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14
Q

Pro-choice Abortion

A

A risk to the mother’s life
A risk of serious mental/physical injury to the mother
Likelihood of child being born mentally/physically handicapped

CofE and Methodist :
Abortion is in some cases the most loving thing to do - situation ethics
Lesser of two evils
Life doesn’t begin at conception
We have the technology - we should use it
Free will
“Compassion in circumstances of extreme distress”

Baptist :
Lesser of two evils
Mother’s right to choose
Quality of life

RCC :
Doctrine of double effect, unintentional harm to the foetus to save the mother

Quakers : 
No clear opinion
Conscience
Can you life with the fact that you killed a baby?
Personal and to be treated with care
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15
Q

Pro-life Abortion

A

A foetus is a human being and has rights, mother’s rights cannot outweigh foetus’

RCC : 
"All sperm is sacred"
Life begins at conception
Sanctity of life, only God is allowed to take away life and nobody else should be able to do so
"Abortion is a horrible crime"

Baptist :
Potential life
Want to lower legal age of a foetus

CofE :
“Every human life is unique, born or yet to be born…”

Methodist :
“avoided if at all possible”

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16
Q

Pro-choice Euthanasia

A

Netherlands - Legal if it is agreed to by the patient, their relatives and at least two doctors
Assisted suicide is illegal but rarely prosecuted against

Secular :
Everyone should have autonomy over their own person
Putting down animals is seen as humane
It is morally wrong to prolong suffering
Relieves burden on families and prevents strain on medical resources
Pain-free death
Death is a private matter
Libertarian - best interest of the patient and doesn’t harm others
Utilitarian - greatest happiness to the greatest number of people

Quakers :
No united opinion
Agape
there is a difference between switching off a life support and giving someone lethal drugs
People should be allowed to die with dignity, how and when they want

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17
Q

Pro-life Euthanasia

A

Secular :
Hippocratic Oath for doctors “first do no harm”
Slippery slope
Unexpected recoveries due to medical advances
Drugs can be used for pain control
animal abuse if you dont put it down when seriously ill, same applies to humans

RCC :
“Euthanasia is a grave violation of the laws of God”
Morally wrong
“Ordinary” (lack of food) and “extraordinary” (medical intervention) deaths, no need to go to extremes

Methodist :
Sanctity of life
Want to provide better care
“God gives and God takes away”

CofE : 
Sanctity of life
Everyone has a "right to life"
Very compassionate
"Those who become vulnerable...deserve special care and protection"
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18
Q

Pro-life Euthanasia

A

Secular :
Hippocratic Oath of doctors “first do no harm”
Slippery slope
People can make unexpected recoveries due to medical advances
Drugs can be used to relieve pain

RCC :
NO WAY JOSÉ
“Euthanasia is a grave violation of the laws of God”
Morally wrong
“Ordinary” (lack of food) and “extraordinary” (medical intervention) ways of dying, it is not necessary to go to extremes

Methodist :
“God gives and God takes away”
Sanctity of Life
Want to provide better care

CofE :
Sanctity of Life
Very compassionate
“Those who become vulnerable…deserve special care and protection”

Baptist :
Same as abortion
Do people have the right to take away life?

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19
Q

life after death should/does affect how people live

A
  1. reward : if people believe in the idea of heaven and hell, they may do more good things in the world than they would if they did not believe, they will do good in order to be rewarded
  2. coping mechanism : after the loss of a loved one, the idea of life after death is reassuring to people so they will not have as much suffering and grief if they think they will be joined once again
  3. followings : if christians believe in life after death, they should pray to god and follow the teachings of jesus and other religious beliefs, as well as life after death
  4. sin : doing bad things can prevent christians from going to heaven, so they will try to avoid doing the wrong thing
20
Q

NEED TO FINISH

life after death should/does not affect how people live

A
  1. teachings : religious people trust the authority of the bible and jesus’ teachings, they would focus on other things to decide how they want to live this life, and not think about life after death
  2. selfless : some people would still want to do the right thing because of their morals, without taking into account wether they will be rewarded for it, heaven doesn’t make them do good things
  3. present : even if there is a life after death, christians would still want to concentrate on how they are living life at the moment, another life would not influence their actions
    4.
21
Q

christians for life after death

A
  1. immortality of soul : c of e believe body will stay in the grave and decay, but the soul goes to god for judgement and either go to heaven or hell, “then god will judge everyone”
  2. resurrection : jesus was brought back from the dead, so it is not impossible for humans to have some sort of life after death “i am the resurrection and the life” - john
  3. good/bad : christians believe that god will decide the fate of people after they die by punishing the bad, and rewarding the good, life after death is a way of rewarding believers “he will give eternal life” - romans
  4. teachings : the bible and churches teach that there is life after death, and if religious people trust the authority of these sources then they would believe everything they teach
22
Q

christians against life after death

A
  1. conflict : there are many different religious ideas about life after death, they all disagree with each other so there is no way of knowing if any of them are true
  2. immortality of soul : may not believe this exists since it is not a physical thing which can be seen, no proof of existence
  3. identity : if a person dies and has life after death in another form, it does not count as the same human who died, they will be a different person and maybe of a different faith
  4. hell : christians may not want to believe in heaven and hell for fear of being punished for any bad things they may have done
23
Q

secular for life after death

A
  1. purpose : earthly life is very short, and afterlife would enable humans to fulfil their potential and continue to do good in another lifetime
  2. paranormal : some people believe there have been experiences that involve strange beings such as ghosts and spirits
  3. coping mechanism : after the loss of a loved one, the idea of life after death is reassuring to people so they think they will be joined once again in another life
  4. reward : even if someone does not believe in god, they may still believe that another life after death is a reward for living a good life on earth
24
Q

secular against life after death

A
  1. resurrection : nobody has come back from the dead to prove that it is possible, only jesus in the bible but even that isn’t good proof
  2. paranormal : there have been several circumstances where paranormal activity has been falsified, e.g. spiritual movement being the subject of hoaxes
  3. identity : if a person dies and has life after death in another form, it does not count as the same human who died, they will be a different person
  4. decay : once the body has died, it rots and can no longer be recognised as an individual human, a person would not be able to resurrect in the form of bones
25
Q

uk laws on abortion

A

abortion can be carried out until the 24th week of pregnancy
two doctors must agree that continuing pregnancy could risk physical/mental health of mother, family after birth, or child is likely to be born mentally/physically handicapped
allowed after 24 weeks if could cause risk to mother’s life, mental/physical health or evidence child will be severely handicapped
illegal until 1967
1971 - 95,000
2001 - 176,000

26
Q

FINISH

abortion laws should change

A
  1. life is sacred
  2. mothers right
  3. reduced time since babies can survive
  4. are disabled people not people
27
Q

FINISH

abortion laws should not change

A
  1. democratically agreed
  2. in practice, law is already lenient
  3. prevents suffering
    4.
28
Q

FINISH

abortion is controversial

A
  1. life : people do not agree on when the foetus’ life is credible as a living being, rcc believe life begins at conception and no sperm should be wasted, whereas others believe it is only a potential life
  2. rights : if a foetus is technically a living human, should their right to live be considered as less than the mother’s, is it fair to value one life over another
  3. weeks : while some believe that life begins at conception, others think it is somewhere during pregnancy, not clear when it counts as “alive”, how many weeks, 3 weeks for heartbeat, 7 weeks for brainwaves
    4.
29
Q

christians pro-choice

A
  1. methodist : life doesn’t begin at conception, abortion may be the “lesser of two evils”, although foetus should be respected, should not be sacrosanct if it endangers mother’s life, supports people so they do not get abortions out of fear
  2. c of e : situation ethics, most loving thing to do, care for vulnerable women, jesus acted with love and compassion, “to withdraw compassion is evil”
  3. technology - god has given us the ability to abort babies, maybe this is for a reason, we should use knowledge he has given us
  4. rcc : doctrine of double effect, only circumstance in which it is allowed, an abortion may save her life e.g. taking medication to cure an illness, but foetus is killed as a result of this.
30
Q

christians pro-life

A
  1. sanctity of life : life is a gift from god, therefore belongs to god and is sacred, must be valued and preserved, god loves all human life, even foetuses “your body is a temple of the holy spirit” - corinthians
  2. rcc : believe life begins at conception, so from the moment baby is conceived, it is a life, we do not have the right to take this life away
  3. murder : if a foetus is considered a human being, abortion is murder and a “grave sin” since it is one of the ten commandments
  4. god : only He should have the ability to end a life, all part of his plan, we should not go against this and abort babies, playing god
31
Q

secular pro-choice

A
  1. woman’s right : a woman has a right to choose what happens to her body and her life, should not be forced to keep baby if it will negatively affect her life
  2. technology : science has developed so much, would be wasteful to not use this technology,
  3. rape : in some circumstances, it is not fair that the mother has fallen pregnant as a result of rape, should not have to care for unplanned child,
  4. quality : a foetus has the right to a reasonable quality of life, no pain and to be wanted, if these are not possible abortion may be best option
32
Q

secular pro-life

A
  1. murder : killing an unborn baby still may be seen as murder, it is wrong to kill
  2. rights : if a foetus is technically a living human, should their right to live be considered as less than the mother’s, is it fair to value one life over another
  3. potential life : even if it is not born yet, a foetus is a potential life and will in the future become a living and breathing person, should not take away their right to fulfil their potential
  4. conscience : would people be able to live well knowing they have aborted their child, they might regret it, feel guilty for killing
33
Q

FINISH

uk laws on euthanasia

A

law uk
illegal and punishable
assisted suicide is illegal, rarely prosecuted against
legal in netherlands if in best interest of patient

34
Q

euthanasia laws should change

A
  1. right : terminally ill person should have a say in how they live and how they die, should not have to suffer, allowed to end pain and suffering
  2. control : should be allowed in some circumstances, with control, certain person is in right state of mind to decide, no pressure from families
  3. privacy : death is a private matter for the ill and their families, if best interest of patient, state should have no say in the matter, ill should decide
  4. loving : euthanasia can be the most loving thing to do, better than being forced to live, if legal then people would stop suffering
35
Q

euthanasia laws should not change

A
  1. voluntary : illegal, stops people ending their lives for fear of being a burden on their family
  2. slippery slope : if it becomes legal, more people would be killed unnecessarily and without the right amount of control
  3. assisted : illegal but rarely prosecuted, people sometimes do out of compassion, want to stop suffering of loved ones, should not change
  4. sanctity : all life is sacred, should not kill someone because they are ill, this is wrong and murder
36
Q

FINISH

euthanasia is controversial

A
  1. ethics : difficult for doctors, might face increased ethical dilemmas, are they comfortable ending somebody’s life
  2. rights : some people think it is the ill person’s right to choose, but maybe they are too unwell to decide for themselves, can we trust what they think, they might change their mind
  3. murder : some believe it is always wrong to purposefully kill someone, others think it is okay if it is in their best interest, relieving their suffering
    4.
37
Q

christians for euthanasia

A
  1. quakers : no united opinion, agape love, difference between switching off life support and giving lethal drugs
  2. rcc : pain relieving drugs are permitted even if they hasten the death of someone, only if killing them is not the primary intention of taking the medication
  3. baptist : if a patient is “brain-dead”, can no longer communicate, relationships have ceased, no recovery possible, treatment can be stopped and natural death is allowed
  4. autonomy : people have the right to choose how they want to live and die, should be allowed to die with dignity, decide for themselves
38
Q

christians against euthanasia

A
  1. rcc : euthanasia is murder, against one of the ten commandments, “grave violation of the laws of god”, goes against his rules
  2. methodist : sanctity of life, we are made in god’s image, we cannot kill a holy life “your body is a temple of the holy spirit”
  3. c of e : act with compassion, should provide better care for the ill, not kill them “those who become vulnerable…deserve special care and protection”
  4. bible : we cannot play god, the bible says that god has a final plan for us, we should not interfere “a time to be born, and a time to die”
39
Q

secular for euthanasia

A
  1. autonomy : people have the right to choose how they want to live and die, should be allowed to die with dignity, decide for themselves
  2. libertarian : if it is in the best interest of the patient, doesn’t harm others, no reason why it should not be allowed
  3. utilitarian : greatest happiness to greatest number of people, take everyone involved into account, the best thing for everyone
  4. moral : it is wrong to prolong somebody’s suffering, if animals are put down when they are in pain, humans should have same rights
40
Q

secular against euthanasia

A
  1. recovery : unexpected recoveries can happen, medical advances, no way to know 100% that someone is going to die as a result of their illness
  2. murder : it is always wrong to end somebody’s life, not only religious people, simple morals, do not take a life
  3. selfish : some might not be doing it in the best interest of the patient, but in their own best interest, selfish reasons, ill person is a burden, they want inheritance
  4. hippocratic oath : doctors agree to “do no harm” to their patients, they have to treat them and do whatever they can to help them live comfortably, not end their life
41
Q

media should be free to criticise religious views on life and death

A
  1. regulation : media is regulated by independent bodies, it is fair for them to say what they think
  2. free speech : matters of life and death are a big discussion topic, people should be allowed to argue for their beliefs and disagree with others, nothing wrong with having an opinion
  3. educate : criticising a view may show someone what is bad about thinking something that didn’t occur to them, good to know what other people think, might help you develop an opinion
  4. contradictions : criticising religious views could show conflict and contradictions within a religion, they should be able to point these out
42
Q

media should not be free to criticise religious views on life and death

A
  1. bias : some try to be fair to all sides, but are more aware of pleasing target audience, shows other opinions in an overly negative light
  2. personal : matters of life and death are personal, sensitive subject to people, seeing it in media could trigger emotions, shouldn’t make anyone feel guilty or upset about their views on the matter
  3. accuracy : sometimes when religious views are criticised, they are exaggerated to make them seem worse than they are, not an accurate representation of beliefs
  4. conflict : too much criticism in the media could cause a lot of conflict, arguments could occur
43
Q

causes of poverty

A
  1. war : civil war in western region of Sudan has displaced over 1 million people, over 100,000 people have set up refugee camps in neighbouring chad
  2. natural disaster : floods in mozambique, separation from family, loss of crops
  3. debt : in early 70s chile borrowed $3.9 billion, by 1982 they paid $12.8 billion in interest, extra $9 billion could have been used to speed up chile’s development, went to already rich countries
  4. unfair triad : farmers in ledcs produce sugar cane costing £183 per tonne to produce, eu farmers overproduce and surplus 7million tonnes goes to world market, although ledc farmers produce sugar at a third of medc cost, they still cannot make profit
44
Q

why do christian aid try to end world poverty

A
  1. stewardship : jc taught that god expects humans to pass on to the next generation more than they have been given, parable of the talents - luke
  2. good/bad : parable of sheep and goats, separates the people who help from people who don’t, “when you did not do it for other people, you did not do it for me”, people should help
  3. love : parable of good samaritan, love your neighbour, help those in need no matter who they are, christian aid helps everyone regardless of religion
  4. reward : if people do good things in this life, the will be rewarded, “seek what you own and give money to the poor, you will have riches in heaven”
45
Q

how do christian aid try to end world poverty

A
  1. fundraising : christian aid week is nation-wide event in may every year, 2004 raised £15 million
  2. emergency : sending food, antibiotics and shelters to the victims of 2004 bangladesh floods, 15% spent each year
  3. long term : helps war widows in sudan feed their families by teaching them how to make perfume to sell in the local market
  4. campaigning : publishes a quarterly newspaper and many educational materials, informs people about world development etc

RPE Bullard (3 decks)

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