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CE - Ethics > Life and Death > Flashcards

Life and Death Flashcards

1
Q

What is the sanctity of life principle?

A

The belief that all humans are made in the image of God (‘imago dei’) and therefore all human life is sacred.

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2
Q

What is the quality of life principle?

A

The belief that human life is only valuable when a person can feel pleasure/pain (sentience) and the person experiences more pleasure than pain.

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3
Q

What is nihilism?

A

The belief that life has no meaning.

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4
Q

What does nihilists believe?

A

They don’t believe in life after death.

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5
Q

What do pessimistic nihilists believe?

A

That life is meaningless and death is the end.

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6
Q

What do optimistic nihilists believe?

A

That it is up to us to give life meaning and value.

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7
Q

Who is Albert Camus?

A

The French novelist and philosopher, who explored both kinds of nihilism.

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8
Q

What was Camus’ most famous novel?

A

The Outsider, which explores nihilsm

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9
Q

Who was Jean-Paul Sartre and what did he believe?

A

He was another French novelist and philosopher, who taught that people live superficial lives to escape the fear of nihilism.

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10
Q

Who is the main character in the Outsider?

A

Meursault, who was at first pessimistic nihilist because he doesn’t care what happens to him

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11
Q

What does Meursault believe?

A

That as there is no afterlife and no God to judge and place him in heaven or hell, then it doesn’t matter when he kills a person.

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12
Q

What does Meursault suddenly realise?

A

That as there is no afterlife, he is free to live his life imaginatively as he wants - he is an optimistic nihilist.

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13
Q

What does Sartre explain?

A

That escapism is not real life; real life requires making an effort and being committed to oneself, one’s job and other people.

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14
Q

What is resurrection?

A

The belief that after death a person’s soul is reunited with its body.

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15
Q

Which types of religion believe in resurrection?

A

Christians, Jews and Muslims all believe in some form of resurrection.

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16
Q

Why do Christians believe in resurrection?

A

Because the early Christians experienced the resurrected Jesus.

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17
Q

What did Jesus’ resurrection suggest?

A

That they too will be resurrected.

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18
Q

When will resurrection take place for Christians?

A

At the last judgement.

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19
Q

Who will God judge?

A

All people - the righteous will enter heaven; the wicked will go to hell.

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20
Q

What does resurrection affirm?

A

The value of human life; it supports the sanctity of life principle.

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21
Q

Why do Christians have different views about Jesus’ resurrection?

A

Because it is not clear what kind of body the resurrected Jesus had.

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22
Q

What do some think about the resurrected Jesus’ body?

A

That Jesus had a spiritual body which wasn’t physical and so could pass through walls; or that he had a perfect physical body.

23
Q

What do others think about the resurrected Jesus and his body?

A

That he had no body, he was a pure soul and appeared as a vision in the minds of the first Christians.

24
Q

What do people believe about hell and heaven?

A

Some believe hell and heaven are not actual places but spiritual states where the soul exists.

25
Q

What does heaven and hell mean?

A

Hell means the soul exists separately from God’s love; heaven means the soul exists fully in the presence of God’s love.

26
Q

What does belief in resurrection give?

A

Meaning and purpose to life

27
Q

What is reincarnation?

A

The belief that after death, a person’s soul returns to this world and inhabits a new body.

28
Q

Which types of religions believe in reincarnation?

A

Hindus, Sikhs and Buddhists all believe in some form of reincarnation.

29
Q

What exists in the body in Hinduism?

A

The jivatman (individual soul) exists in the body as it goes through many stages of life.

30
Q

What is samsara?

A

The cycle through this life and future lives; it is controlled by the law of karma.

31
Q

What is karma?

A

The law of cause and effect.

32
Q

What creates positive karma?

A

Living a good life which means one is reborn into a higher or better form of life.

33
Q

What happens when the soul is fully purified?

A

Reincarnation ceases and the soul achieves total happiness, or bliss.

34
Q

What does reincarnation affirm?

A

The value of human life; it supports the sanctity of life principle.

35
Q

What does reincarnation explain?

A

Why some people are naturally more spiritually and morally advanced from an early age.

36
Q

What does reincarnation remove?

A

The feeling that one has to achieve everything in this life as there will be future lives.

37
Q

What does the promise of future bliss encourage?

A

It encourages people to work hard on becoming morally good.

38
Q

What does the law of karma mean?

A

That the unrighteous will justly be reborn at a lower animal level.

39
Q

What do war realists believe?

A

That wars are necessary to fight against aggressors and to protect a country’s way of life.

40
Q

What do war militarists believe?

A

That wars are a sign of a country’s political strength.

41
Q

What do just war theorists believe?

A

That war can be justified as a lesser of two evils.

42
Q

What are three parts to just war?

A

Justification for going to war, justice in war, justice after war.

43
Q

What is the justification for going to war?

A
  • The cause must be just.
  • It must be authorised.
  • The intentions must be good.
  • There must be a chance of success.
  • It must be the last resort.
  • Use of force must be proportionate to the aim.
44
Q

What is justice in war?

A
  • Force used in battle must be proportionate.
  • Non-combatants (non-soldiers) must be protected.
45
Q

What is justice after war?

A
  • Law and order must be restored.
  • The environment must be protected and restored.
46
Q

What do pacifists belive?

A

That if killing and violence are morally wrong, then war is wrong.

47
Q

What do absolute pacifists believe?

A

That war is always wrong?

48
Q

What do weak pacifists believe?

A

That war is wrong but may be used as a very last resort.

49
Q

Why are Christians divided?

A

Jesus taught we should love our enemies, but he didn’t condemn soldiers.

50
Q

What did people argue about the conditions of a just war?

A

That not all of them need to be met for a war to be justified; and that it is impossible for all of the just war conditions to be met, so pacifism is the only alternative.

51
Q

What did Martin Luther King support?

A

Absolute pacifism because evil cannot be combatted with the evil of violence. Alternatives to war must be used.

52
Q

What do utilitarians argue about pacifists?

A

That absolute pacifists cause suffering by letting evil leaders act violently and unjustly.

53
Q

What do Christians argue about pacifism?

A

That it is an ideal but in a sinful world, war is sometimes necessary.

54
Q

What do Christians argue about violence?

A

That it should be replaced by reconciliation and people should aim to make the world peaceful as God intended it to be.

CE - Ethics (3 decks)

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