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Divinity > Life And Death > Flashcards

Life And Death Flashcards

1
Q

AfterLife?

A

Life after death, existence continues after physical death.

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2
Q

Environmental sustainability?

A

Ensuring that the demands placed on natural resources can be met without reducing capacity to allow all people and other species of animals as well as plant life, to live well, now and in the future

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3
Q

Euthanasia

A

From Greek eu ‘good’ + Thanatos ‘death’. Referred to as mercy killing. The act of killing or permitting the death of a person who is suffering from a serious illness

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4
Q

Evolution

A

The process by which different living creatures are believed to have developed from earlier less complex forms during the history of the earth

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5
Q

Abortion

A

The deliberate termination of a pregnancy

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6
Q

Quality of Life

A

The extent to which life is meaningful and pleasurable

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7
Q

Sanctity of Life

A

The belief that human life is precious, or sacred for many religious believers, only human life holds this special status

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8
Q

Soul

A

The spiritual aspect of a being that which connects someone to god. The soul is often regarded as non-physical and as living on after physical death, in an afterlife.

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9
Q

What is Exegesis?

A

Reading out of the text. Taking a text literally and using all tools provided by the study of ancient languages. Doesn’t require any personal understanding

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10
Q

What is Eisegesis?

A

Reading into the text. Meaning of the text is subjective and is supplied by the way we understand it. They will approach a teaching based on gender, personal beliefs, science etc

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11
Q

What are Conservative Protestants beliefs regarding the origin of the universe?

A

Ken Ham founder and president of Answers in Genesis an organisation which promotes a literal approach to Genesis. He regards Genesis as a book which gives a scientific account of creation.
- Christ lived 2000 years ago
- Adam lived 4000 years ago
- Adam was created on the 6th day of creation
- creation of Adam and Earth took place 6000 years ago
- Yom is a 24 hour period of time

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12
Q

Ken Ham quote on Yom?

A

“The days in Genesis do not correspond to geologic ages, but are six consecutive twenty-four hour days of creation”

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13
Q

What does Ken Ham say about the inerrant word of God?

A

It always takes priority
“By definition, no apparent, perceived or claimed evidence in any field, including history and chronology, can be valid if it contradicts the scriptural record”

Scientific evidence must be mistaken as it contradicts the account given in the bible. Scientists cannot be certain about what happened they can only have theories.

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14
Q

What do Old Earth Creationists believe?

A

Yom could be interpreted as a much longer period of millions of years. Therefor the 6 day creation could have been stretched to fit 9.9 billion years between the Big Bang and the appearance of life on earth. They might also believe in gap creationism

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15
Q

What do Liberal Protestants believe about creation?

A

Episcopalian Church 2005 produced Episcopal Catechism of Creation. Takes eisegetical approach to the Bible: bible had to be understood as being a set of documents written by people who were limited by their non-scientific understanding. They believe religion and science can work together they accept theories of creation and believe that they present no problem in regard to faith.

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16
Q

Liberal Episcopalian church quote on genesis?

A

“Meaningful in its own time, but has been replaced by succeeding models and most recently by our modern portrait of a vast universe with billions of galaxies”

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17
Q

Episcopalian Church quote?

A

“The bible, including Genesis is not a divinely dictated scientific textbook. We discover scientific knowledge about gods universe in nature not scripture”

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18
Q

Steven Hawking quote on creation?

A

“Because there is a law such as gravity, the universe can and will create itself from nothing. Spontaneous creation is the reason there is something rather than nothing, why the universe exists, why we exist. It is not necessary to invoke God to light the blue touch paper and set the universe going”

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19
Q

Who is Alistair McGrath and what does he believe?

A

He believes that people should find a balance between science and religion and integrate the two by adding scientific insights into religious worldviews

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20
Q

Alistair McGrath quote?

A

“I would begin by pointing out that Christianity and the natural sciences are different but that doesn’t mean they are incompatible”

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21
Q

God Dominion quote?

A

“God blessed them, and god said to them be fruitful and multiply, and fill the earth and subdue it and have dominion over the fish of the sea and over the birds of the air and over every living thing that moves upon earth”

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22
Q

What is the Dominion Approach?

A

God made humans to rule over the earth like kings therefor they do not have to care about the earth as it’s there wish what they do to it.

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23
Q

What is the Stewardship Approach?

A

. Humans have to keep the earth and protect it as it does not belong to them it belongs to god and humans have a responsibility over it. “To till it and keep it”

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24
Q

What do Catholic stewards and Pope Francis believe about Dominion?

A

“They reject Dominion and believe in stewardship as Dominion is a result of incorrect interpretation,. He says that living as protectors of gods creation is not a option it’s a duty of being Christian”

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25
Q

What do Humanists believe about Dominion?

A

. They don’t believe humans are superior to any other living thing. They don’t believe in religion. They believe that everyone should protect the earth.
“I should say the universe is just there, and that’s all”

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26
Q

What did the Sir Hermann Bondi leader of the BHA say about why he cares about the environment?

A

“Because I want my grandchildren to be able to see elephants”

. He values the work of scientific research

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27
Q

What is shallow ecology?

A

Humanist view that the planet should be conserved as it has extrinsic value and helps human Welfare and human happiness. This view only focuses on humans

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28
Q

What is deep ecology?

A

. Environmental sustainability can only be achieved by humans changing their attitudes. Instead of finding ways in which earths natural ressources can benefit them. People should live simple and reduce the need for material possession. Elephants shouldn’t exist in the future to benefit humans but because they are apart of the natural world and have intrinsic not extrinsic value.

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29
Q

What are liberal Protestants view on evolution?

A

. There is no issue as faith requires the belief that god created the universe. The detail of how it took place and developed are a matter for science. The story of gods creation is not literary it’s a metaphor

30
Q

Young earth view on evolution?

A

. Conservative Protestants who are young and old earth reject the theory of evolution
. Ken ham says “No, we are not descended from apes rather, god made man as the crown of his creation”
. God was made by god and even has no remmenant of an umbilical cord
. Evolution is impossible as it can’t be proven using operational science

31
Q

Theistic evolution?

A

. Do not follow a literalist interpretation of Genesis. Regard it as containing important religious truths. Natural selection was set in motion by god. Everything Darwin says can be accepted but under the direction of god.

. “The evolution of nature does not contrast with the notion of creation”

32
Q

Humanists on evolution?

A

. Criticise theistic evolution. Natural selection and evolution are entirely different to Genesis. Richard Dawkins says religious belief on evolution are “a fixed false belief” and regards theistic evolution as an attempt to “smuggle god in by the back door”

33
Q

Darwin quote on evolution?

A

“Evolution by natural selection is the only workable theory ever proposed that is capable of explaining life”

34
Q

Six characteristics of sanctity of life?

A
  1. Spiritual
  2. Creative
  3. Relational
  4. Intelligent
  5. Communicative
  6. Morally responsible
35
Q

Christian view on six characteristics?

A

. Humans being made by god all have these characteristics.
Human life has a unique dignity. Human life is corporeal.

36
Q

Conservative Protestants view on sanctity of life?

A

. Focus on the fall of man as a key moment that sin evil suffering and death entered the world. Great deal of emphasis on human before and after the fall. After the fall humans were no longer imago dei but imago diaboli until through faith they become born again as Christian’s even the characteristics are damaged and are open to sin.

37
Q

What do liberals and Catholics believe about sanctity of life?

A

. Reject Conservative view. Post-lapsarisn humans are not perfect but they retain their godlike characteristics which enable them to live a good life. So all humans not just those who were born again have godlike characteristics of the first human beings.

38
Q

Humanists view on sanctity of life?

A

. Reject imago dei and sanctity of life. Peter singer rejects sanctity of life as there is no scientific evidence to support humans having these godlike characteristics.

. Peter singer - “during the next 35 years, the traditional view sanctity of life will collapse under pressure form scientific developments”

39
Q

Peter singer view on Speciesism?

A

. Rejects the view that humans are superior than animals as they have souls. Argues that the religious view of sanctity of life is removed as only when it is gone can it clearly be seen that there is no dividing life between humans and animals. This then raises the point that humans have no intrinsic moral worth or divinity over non humans

40
Q

Singer quote for speciesism?

A

“Why does merely being a member of the species Homo sapiens give you moral worth and dignity”

41
Q

What is Biological History?

A

Most nonhuman animals tend to have only biological history. There life span is dedicated to filling out the biological function. They have no sense of future and exist purely in the moment.

42
Q

What is biographical History?

A

Humans have both biological and biographical history. Humans fill out biological functions but are also self conscious, having awareness and goals. L

43
Q

Singer against speciesism?

A

In an interview he said that people think that humans are superior as we are on higher level than other animals. However studies teaching chimpanzees sign language showed that these traits are not unique to humans. In the wild animals show a system of not verbal communication. And can experience grief.

44
Q

Not all humans are persons?

A

. Great ape personhood movement. All great apes have self awareness and comprehension of past and future. And are able to asses risks and consequences therefor making them human.

45
Q

Not all humans are persons?

A

. Humans with mental retardation cannot be regarded as humans if koko the gorilla on 1971 scored an in test of 70-95. A human with dementia has limited self awareness and awareness of past present and future.

46
Q

what 3 things are needed for a abortion?

A
  1. Consent of two doctors
  2. Abortion can take place if mothers life is at risk
  3. Abortion can take place up to 24 weeks if
    - mothers mental or physical health is at risk
    - child is likely to be born handicapped
    - serious effect on other children in family if birth happens
47
Q

Humanist view on abortion?

A

. No belief in sanctity of life or imago dei. But they believe human life is valuable and should be treated accordingly as they don’t believe in after life. They use reason in their decision. Humanist would consider the consequences of the child being born and try to find the kindest course of action. Humanists don’t believe a foetus because a person until well after conception and put the feelings of the mother first. The foetus feelings cannot be ascertained but the mothers can.

48
Q

Liberal Protestant view on abortion for?

A

. Foetus is totally dependant on the mother
“ she has total right to decide whether or not continue the pregnancy”
. Joseph Fletcher situational ethics what would lead to the most agape. He doesn’t regard a foetus as human life so only the feelings of the people involved would need to be consulted.

49
Q

Roman Catholics view on abortion?

A

. Opposed to abortion
Stated - “the human being is to be respected and treated as a person from the moment of conception”.
. Ensoulment means that humans life starts as a zygote
. Life should be protected no matter inside or outside the womb
. Natural law telos is to procreate and this stops that
. Primary precepts - preservation of life and reproduction
. If mother might good action with a good intention

50
Q

What is active Euthanasia?

A

. Where a person deliberately intervenes to end someone’s life patient being injected with a large dose of sedatives

51
Q

Passive euthanasia?

A

Where a person causes death by withholding or withdrawing treatment that is necessary to maintain life for example with holding antibiotics

52
Q

Voluntary Euthansia?

A

Where a person makes a conscious decision to die and asks for a doctors help to do this

53
Q

Non voluntary euthanasia?

A

Where a person is unable to give their consent and another person takes the descision for the, often because the person expressed a wish for this beofre the circumstances

54
Q

Involuntary Euthanasia?

A

Person is killed against there wishes

55
Q

Euthanasia in the Uk?

A

Illegal however suicide act of 1961 says that suicide is not an offence but assisted suicide is a criminal offence

56
Q

Humanist view on Euthanasia?

A

Reject ideas or sanctity of life
. Reject any religious views
. Uphold quality of life
. They believe that a terminally Ill patient who would be in a lot of pain could under fo euthanasia in order to preserve quality of life.

57
Q

Humanist two views on euthanasia?

A
  1. Autonomy - adult person has complete rights over their body
  2. No harm - adult persons choice is limited by whether or not they cause harm to others
58
Q

Humanist quote on euthanasia?

A

“Humanists defend the right of each individual to live by his or her own personal values, and the freedom to make descisions about his or her own life so long as this does not result in any harm to others”

59
Q

What was Dignity in dying?

A

. Change in law regarding euthanasia
. Dyeing bill which had a lot of public support but did not pass the second reading in parliament
. 1. Choice over where we die, who is present
2. Access to expert information on our options, good quality end of life care
3. Control over how we die

Allows assisted death
Canon Rosie harper Church of England priest supports the movement

60
Q

Roman Catholics view on euthanasia?

A

. Oppose euthanasia
1980 - declaration on Euthanasia - sanctity of life humans created in imago dei

“

61
Q

Roman Catholic euthanasia quotes?

A

“nothing and no one can in any way permit the killing of an innocent human being”

62
Q

Roman Catholics quote against voluntary euthanasia?

A

“No one is permitted to ask for this act of killing….or for another person entrusted in his care”

63
Q

Roman Catholic quote against euthanasia?

A

“Death is nor willed as either an end or a means, but only foreseen and tolerated as inevitable”

64
Q

What is Christian 4VE?

A

2009 - Christian charity all share the belief that euthanasia is an act of compassion and love and should be permitted. Quality of life was given to us by god and when this is taken away it is praiseworthy to end life.

65
Q

Resurrection?

A

. Jesus died on the cross to save mankind and rose three days later. Both physical and mental

. “A ghost does not have flesh and bones”

66
Q

What is soma Pneumatikon

A

. Life after death is not just about the soul but also the body. Unity between soul and body so god brings the person to life again in Soma pneumatikon

67
Q

Judgement quotes?

A

The criminal says “Jesus, remember me when you come into your kingdom.

Jesus replies with “truly I tell you, today you will be with me in paradise”

68
Q

Judgement?

A

The quotes led Christian’s to beleive that immediately after death a persons soul is separated from their body. The body does and the soul undergoes judgement

“All the nations will gather beofre him and he will separate the the people from one another as a Shepard separates the sheeps form the goats”

69
Q

Heaven?

A

. Faith and suffering will have their reward. The result would be going to heaven in eternal life.
Parable of the sheeps and the goats Jesus says “those who have shown love of neighbour will enter the kingdom prepared for them by god”.

Heaven is a paradise and the ultimate point of eudaimonia

70
Q

Hell?

A

Fiery association from Gehenna a valley were garbage was burned. Jesus warned people that if they did not life the life expected by hod then they go to hell.

Divinity (6 decks)

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