Life and Cells Ch 1 and 4

Question 1

What are the 4 basic atoms of life?

Answer 1

Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon

Question 2

What is the smallest unit of life?

Answer 2

Cell

Question 3

What is protein made of?

Answer 3

Amino Acids

Question 4

What are Carbohydrates made of?

Answer 4

Sugars

Question 5

What is Nucleic Acid made of?

Answer 5

Nucleotides

Question 6

What are Nucleotides?

Answer 6

DNA, A T C G and U

Question 7

Cellular level, from small to large?

Answer 7

Atom 👉🏻Molecule 👉🏻Macromolecule 👉🏻Organelle 👉🏻Cell

Question 8

What is reductionism?

Answer 8

Process of breaking something down to understand how it works.

Question 9

What are emergent properties?

Answer 9

Things that you don’t find in an individual, but comes out when it interacts with something else, or multiple things.

Question 10

What is an example of an emergent property?

Answer 10

One cell, which bonds with another.

Question 11

What does DNA do?

Answer 11

Tells cells how to build proteins, which is transferred by RNA and built on Ribosome.

Question 12

What is a gene?

Answer 12

A small section of DNA.

Question 13

What is the central dogma of Biology?

Answer 13

DNA

Question 14

What is replication?

Answer 14

DNA copying itself, which precedes cell division.

Question 15

What is transcription?

Answer 15

The process of RNA copying information from a DNA gene.

Question 16

What is translation?

Answer 16

The process of RNA making protein from a section of DNA.

Question 17

What defines life?

Answer 17

Growth, metabolize, responsive, complex organization, adaptable, made of cells, and maintains homeostasis.

Question 18

What does it mean to maintain homeostasis?

Answer 18

An organism is able to regulate its energy use.

Question 19

What 4 characteristics do all cells have?

Answer 19

Plasma membrane, DNA, Ribosomes, and Cytosol (Cytoplasm)

Question 20

What are the two main types of cells?

Answer 20

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Question 21

What is Cell Theory?

Answer 21

All living things are composed of cells, all cells come from pre-existing cells, and cells are the basic unit of life.

Question 22

What are the three domains of life?

Answer 22

Bacteria, Archaea (both are prokaryotes) and Eukarya (which is Eukaryotic)

Question 23

What is Taxonomy?

Answer 23

Naming and classifying species.

Question 24

What are the 4 main kingdoms that are Eukaryotic?

Answer 24

Plants, Animals, Fungi, and Protists.

Question 25

What is Evolution?

Answer 25

The way science defines the unity and diversity of life.

Question 26

What is adaptive radiation?

Answer 26

When one species is introduced to a new area with lots of different environments and the animals spread out to fill the different niches. Ex: Galapagos finches.

Question 27

What is Homology?

Answer 27

Related structures with different functions. Ex: Bat wing vs. Human arm and hand.

Question 28

What are Analagous structures?

Answer 28

When you have a similar function with different structures.

Question 29

What is the process of energy moving through and environment?

Answer 29

Light energy enters leaves and becomes chemical energy. This gets eaten and used through movement, which releases heat and ATP.

Question 30

What is moved through the environment and needs replaced?

Answer 30

Energy

Question 31

What is recycled within an environment?

Answer 31

Nutrients (carbon)

Question 32

How are nutrients recycled?

Answer 32

By anabolic and catabolic means.

Question 33

What is the process of anabolism (being anabolic)?

Answer 33

Photosynthesis, taking something small and building it up.

Question 34

What is the process of catabolism (being catabolic)?

Answer 34

Cellular respiration (breathing) taking something big and breaking it down.

Question 35

What is the Scientific Method?

Answer 35

The process of understanding the world around us.

Question 36

A hypothesis must be _________ and ________.

Answer 36

Testable and falsifiable.

Question 37

What is inductive reasoning?

Answer 37

Using specific observations to draw one general conclusion.

Question 38

What is deductive reasoning?

Answer 38

A general idea to a specific conclusion. (Usually and if...then statement)

Question 39

What is the Mitochondria?

Answer 39

Where cellular respiration occurs and most ATP is made.

Question 40

What is a Ribosome?

Answer 40

Where protein is made. They can be free or attached to the Rough ER.

Question 41

What is the Nuclear envelope?

Answer 41

A double membrane that encloses the nucleus.

Question 42

What are Nuclear pores?

Answer 42

Pores in the Nuclear envelops that allows RNA to leave the Nucleus.

Question 43

What does Rough ER do?

Answer 43

It secretes proteins, has Ribosomes attached to it and is a membrane factory.

Question 44

What does Smooth ER do?

Answer 44

It synthesizes lipids, metabolizes carbs, detoxifies poisons and stores calcium.

Question 45

What does the Golgi do?

Answer 45

It synthesizes, modifies, sorts and secretes cell products.

Question 46

What is the plasma membrane?

Answer 46

A membrane that encloses the cell.

Question 47

What are Lysosomes?

Answer 47

Digestive organelles in animal cells, they get rid of cell waste.

Question 48

What do centrioles do?

Answer 48

The assist microtubules in supporting the cytoskeleton.

Question 49

List three structures that are in plant cells, but not animal cells.

Answer 49

Cell wall, chloroplast and plasmodesmata.

Question 50

In what organelle are molecules moved from the ER to the Golgi, and what broader system are they apart of?

Answer 50

Transport vesicles, and they are part of the Golgi Apparatus.

Question 51

Describe the pathway of the endomembrane system for delivering cell proteins to their proper destination.

Answer 51

Nuclear envelope 👉🏻ER👉🏻Golgi👉🏻Lysosomes👉🏻Vesicles👉🏻Vacuoles👉🏻Plasma membrane.

Question 52

How do ECM proteins (Extracellular membrane proteins) get outside the cell?

Answer 52

Through Integrins. They transmit signals between the ECM and Cytoskeleton this results in changes in cell behavior 👉🏻 Glycoproteins are secretes by the cell.

Question 53

Are Eukaryotes or Prolaryotes larger?

Answer 53

Eukaryotes (Generally)

Question 54

What at microfilaments?

Answer 54

Answer

Question 55

What are intermediate filaments?

Answer 55

Answer

Question 56

What are microtubules?

Answer 56

Answer.

Question 57

What is phagocytosis?

Answer 57

The way in which Amoebas and other Eukaryotes eat, by engulfing smaller organisms.

Question 58

What is Autophagy?

Answer 58

The process of lysosomes recycling the cells own organic material.

Question 59

What are contractile vacuoles?

Answer 59

A vacuole that pumps excess water out of the cell, found mostly in eukaryotes that live in fresh water.

Question 60

What is in a plants central vacuole?

Answer 60

Cell sap, it is the cells main repository of inorganic ions.

Question 61

What is the central vacuoles main purpose?

Answer 61

It helps in the growth of plant cells.

Question 62

What is a chloroplast?

Answer 62

The site where photosynthesis occurs.

Question 63

What are cristae?

Answer 63

Infoldings in the inner membrane of a mitochondria.

Question 64

What is the mitochondrial matrix?

Answer 64

A compartment enclosed by the inner membrane.

Question 65

What is the purpose of the mitochondrial membrane?

Answer 65

It contains enzymes that catalyze some of the steps of cellular respiration. (ATP)

Question 66

What are thylakoids?

Answer 66

A flattened, interconnected sac, inside chloroplasts

Question 67

What is a stake of thylakoids called?

Answer 67

A granum.

Question 68

What is strong?

Answer 68

Fluid outside the thylakoids, it contains DNA and Ribosomes.

Question 69

Chloroplast is part of what family group of plant organelles?

Answer 69

Plastids.