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Biology 1610 > Life and Cells Ch 1 and 4 > Flashcards

Life and Cells Ch 1 and 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 4 basic atoms of life?

A

Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon

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2
Q

What is the smallest unit of life?

A

Cell

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3
Q

What is protein made of?

A

Amino Acids

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4
Q

What are Carbohydrates made of?

A

Sugars

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5
Q

What is Nucleic Acid made of?

A

Nucleotides

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6
Q

What are Nucleotides?

A

DNA, A T C G and U

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7
Q

Cellular level, from small to large?

A

Atom 👉🏻Molecule 👉🏻Macromolecule 👉🏻Organelle 👉🏻Cell

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8
Q

What is reductionism?

A

Process of breaking something down to understand how it works.

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9
Q

What are emergent properties?

A

Things that you don’t find in an individual, but comes out when it interacts with something else, or multiple things.

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10
Q

What is an example of an emergent property?

A

One cell, which bonds with another.

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11
Q

What does DNA do?

A

Tells cells how to build proteins, which is transferred by RNA and built on Ribosome.

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12
Q

What is a gene?

A

A small section of DNA.

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13
Q

What is the central dogma of Biology?

A

DNA

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14
Q

What is replication?

A

DNA copying itself, which precedes cell division.

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15
Q

What is transcription?

A

The process of RNA copying information from a DNA gene.

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16
Q

What is translation?

A

The process of RNA making protein from a section of DNA.

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17
Q

What defines life?

A

Growth, metabolize, responsive, complex organization, adaptable, made of cells, and maintains homeostasis.

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18
Q

What does it mean to maintain homeostasis?

A

An organism is able to regulate its energy use.

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19
Q

What 4 characteristics do all cells have?

A

Plasma membrane, DNA, Ribosomes, and Cytosol (Cytoplasm)

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20
Q

What are the two main types of cells?

A

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

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21
Q

What is Cell Theory?

A

All living things are composed of cells, all cells come from pre-existing cells, and cells are the basic unit of life.

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22
Q

What are the three domains of life?

A

Bacteria, Archaea (both are prokaryotes) and Eukarya (which is Eukaryotic)

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23
Q

What is Taxonomy?

A

Naming and classifying species.

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24
Q

What are the 4 main kingdoms that are Eukaryotic?

A

Plants, Animals, Fungi, and Protists.

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25
Q

What is Evolution?

A

The way science defines the unity and diversity of life.

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26
Q

What is adaptive radiation?

A

When one species is introduced to a new area with lots of different environments and the animals spread out to fill the different niches. Ex: Galapagos finches.

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27
Q

What is Homology?

A

Related structures with different functions. Ex: Bat wing vs. Human arm and hand.

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28
Q

What are Analagous structures?

A

When you have a similar function with different structures.

29
Q

What is the process of energy moving through and environment?

A

Light energy enters leaves and becomes chemical energy. This gets eaten and used through movement, which releases heat and ATP.

30
Q

What is moved through the environment and needs replaced?

A

Energy

31
Q

What is recycled within an environment?

A

Nutrients (carbon)

32
Q

How are nutrients recycled?

A

By anabolic and catabolic means.

33
Q

What is the process of anabolism (being anabolic)?

A

Photosynthesis, taking something small and building it up.

34
Q

What is the process of catabolism (being catabolic)?

A

Cellular respiration (breathing) taking something big and breaking it down.

35
Q

What is the Scientific Method?

A

The process of understanding the world around us.

36
Q

A hypothesis must be _________ and ________.

A

Testable and falsifiable.

37
Q

What is inductive reasoning?

A

Using specific observations to draw one general conclusion.

38
Q

What is deductive reasoning?

A

A general idea to a specific conclusion. (Usually and if…then statement)

39
Q

What is the Mitochondria?

A

Where cellular respiration occurs and most ATP is made.

40
Q

What is a Ribosome?

A

Where protein is made. They can be free or attached to the Rough ER.

41
Q

What is the Nuclear envelope?

A

A double membrane that encloses the nucleus.

42
Q

What are Nuclear pores?

A

Pores in the Nuclear envelops that allows RNA to leave the Nucleus.

43
Q

What does Rough ER do?

A

It secretes proteins, has Ribosomes attached to it and is a membrane factory.

44
Q

What does Smooth ER do?

A

It synthesizes lipids, metabolizes carbs, detoxifies poisons and stores calcium.

45
Q

What does the Golgi do?

A

It synthesizes, modifies, sorts and secretes cell products.

46
Q

What is the plasma membrane?

A

A membrane that encloses the cell.

47
Q

What are Lysosomes?

A

Digestive organelles in animal cells, they get rid of cell waste.

48
Q

What do centrioles do?

A

The assist microtubules in supporting the cytoskeleton.

49
Q

List three structures that are in plant cells, but not animal cells.

A

Cell wall, chloroplast and plasmodesmata.

50
Q

In what organelle are molecules moved from the ER to the Golgi, and what broader system are they apart of?

A

Transport vesicles, and they are part of the Golgi Apparatus.

51
Q

Describe the pathway of the endomembrane system for delivering cell proteins to their proper destination.

A

Nuclear envelope 👉🏻ER👉🏻Golgi👉🏻Lysosomes👉🏻Vesicles👉🏻Vacuoles👉🏻Plasma membrane.

52
Q

How do ECM proteins (Extracellular membrane proteins) get outside the cell?

A

Through Integrins. They transmit signals between the ECM and Cytoskeleton this results in changes in cell behavior 👉🏻 Glycoproteins are secretes by the cell.

53
Q

Are Eukaryotes or Prolaryotes larger?

A

Eukaryotes (Generally)

54
Q

What at microfilaments?

A

Answer

55
Q

What are intermediate filaments?

A

Answer

56
Q

What are microtubules?

A

Answer.

57
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

The way in which Amoebas and other Eukaryotes eat, by engulfing smaller organisms.

58
Q

What is Autophagy?

A

The process of lysosomes recycling the cells own organic material.

59
Q

What are contractile vacuoles?

A

A vacuole that pumps excess water out of the cell, found mostly in eukaryotes that live in fresh water.

60
Q

What is in a plants central vacuole?

A

Cell sap, it is the cells main repository of inorganic ions.

61
Q

What is the central vacuoles main purpose?

A

It helps in the growth of plant cells.

62
Q

What is a chloroplast?

A

The site where photosynthesis occurs.

63
Q

What are cristae?

A

Infoldings in the inner membrane of a mitochondria.

64
Q

What is the mitochondrial matrix?

A

A compartment enclosed by the inner membrane.

65
Q

What is the purpose of the mitochondrial membrane?

A

It contains enzymes that catalyze some of the steps of cellular respiration. (ATP)

66
Q

What are thylakoids?

A

A flattened, interconnected sac, inside chloroplasts

67
Q

What is a stake of thylakoids called?

A

A granum.

68
Q

What is strong?

A

Fluid outside the thylakoids, it contains DNA and Ribosomes.

69
Q

Chloroplast is part of what family group of plant organelles?

A

Plastids.

Biology 1610 (3 decks)

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