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Biology 1610 > Chemistry Of Life Ch 2 > Flashcards

Chemistry Of Life Ch 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a valence?

A

The outer energy shell of an atom, it has incomplete orbitals.

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2
Q

What are valence electrons?

A

The number of unpaired electrons in the valence.

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3
Q

Why do valence electrons matter?

A

They let you know how many covalent bonds an atom can make.

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4
Q

How many valence electrons does Hydrogen have?

A

1

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5
Q

How many valence electrons does Oxygen have?

A

2

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6
Q

How many valence electrons does Nitrogen have?

A

3

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7
Q

How many valence electrons does Carbon have?

A

4

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8
Q

What is an Ion?

A

A charged atom

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9
Q

What is Anion?

A

A negatively charged atom

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10
Q

What is a Cation?

A

A positively charged atom

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11
Q

Are Covalent or Ionic bonds stronger?

A

Covalent

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12
Q

What is a Covalent bond?

A

A bond where atoms are sharing one or more electrons.

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13
Q

What is an Ion bond?

A

A bond between atoms due to their electronegativity.

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14
Q

How does an Ion bond form?

A

When atoms gain and/or lose electrons.

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15
Q

What is a salt?

A

An ionic bond.

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16
Q

What is the weakest, between the Covalent, Hydrogen, and Ionic bonds?

A

Hydrogen bonds

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17
Q

What is a Hydrogen bond?

A

A bond between positive and negative polars. Normally something negative being attracted to Hydrogen, but not always.

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18
Q

What does it mean to be hydrophilic?

A

Loves water, is polar and forms Hydrogen bonds.

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19
Q

What does it mean to be hydrophobic?

A

Hates water, is non polar and instead of forming a hydrogen bond, it dissolves. Like salts.

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20
Q

How many Hydrogen bonds can a water molecule make?

A

4, in the form of ice.

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21
Q

What is a hydration shell?

A

A shell that forms when water disrupts Ionic bonds and takes the place of the former bond.

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22
Q

Why is water attracted to other atoms?

A

Because it is polar.

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23
Q

What is the smallest unit of matter that retains its characteristics?

A

Atom

24
Q

What is an atom made of?

A

Protons (+), Neutrons (0), and Electrons (-).

25
Q

What is in the atoms nucleus?

A

Protons and Neutrons.

26
Q

What is an energy shell?

A

The location of electrons.

27
Q

What is the “house” that holds electrons?

A

Orbitals.

28
Q

How many electrons can one orbital hold?

A

2 electrons

29
Q

How many orbitals are in the first energy shell?

A

1

30
Q

How many orbitals are in the second (and all consecutive) energy shells?

A

4 orbitals

31
Q

What is the Atomic number of an atom?

A

The number of protons it has.

32
Q

What does it mean for an atom to be neutral?

A

It has an equal number of protons and electrons.

33
Q

What is the Atomic mass?

A

Number of protons plus the number of neutrons.

34
Q

How can you find the number of protons an atom has?

A

Atomic mass minus atomic number.

35
Q

What are Isotopes?

A

Any variation of an atom that has more neutrons than its basic atom does. Like Carbon 14 it is still Carbon, because it has 6 protons, but it has more than 6 neutrons, it has 8.

36
Q

What is an element?

A

A substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions.

37
Q

What are trace elements?

A

Elements required by organisms, but only in minute quantities.

38
Q

What is a radioactive isotope?

A

One in which the nucleus decays spontaneously.

39
Q

What does it mean to be polar?

A

It means the atoms in an element are unbalanced in electronegativity, and so the shared electron spends more of its time around one atom than the other.

40
Q

What does it mean to be on polar?

A

It means the atoms in an element are equal in there electronegativity and the shared electron spends an equal amount of time around each atom.

41
Q

Is H2O polar or non polar?

A

Polar

42
Q

What kind of bond makes up a water molecule?

A

Polar Covalent bonds.

43
Q

What does salt do to Hydrogen bonds?

A

It breaks them up.

44
Q

What type of molecule is

C-C-C-C-C-C=O?

A

Sugar

45
Q

What type of bond is H & C?

A

Non polar, Covalent. (Methane)

46
Q

What type of bond is H &I O?

A

Polar, Covalent bond (Water)

47
Q

What type of bond is Na & Cl?

A

Ionic bond (Table Salt)

48
Q

How does an atom become positively charged and what does that mean?

A

It loses an electron, which means it has one more proton than electron.

49
Q

How does an atom become negatively charged, and what does that mean?

A

It gains an electron and has one more electron than proton.

50
Q

How do you indicate negative and positive charges with atoms?

A

1- means 1 extra electron. 2- means 2 extra electrons.

1+ means 1 extra proton. 2+ means 2 extra protons.

51
Q

What is the shape of a molecule that has two atoms?

A

Linear.

52
Q

What is the shape of a molecule with three atoms?

A

A rough V

53
Q

What is the shape of a molecule with 4 atoms?

A

A tetrahedron (squat diamond)

54
Q

Atoms with the same # of protons but with different electrical charges are?

A

Different Ions

55
Q

In the following molecule, what atom will have the strongest partial positive charge?

         O
        //
H     C - O-H
/      /
N - C-H
/      /
H    R
A

The C atom that is attached to the O’s because it is bound to the two most electronegative atoms, which are both pulling electrons from C

56
Q

When Chemists and Biologists want to show how atoms are bonded in a molecule what do they use?

A

A structural formula

Biology 1610 (3 decks)

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