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Ocular Disease Test 2 > Lid Disorders > Flashcards

Lid Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What is blepharospasm

A

Bilateral involuntary orbicularis oculi spasms

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2
Q

How to treat blepharospasm?

A

Botox every few weeks if debilitating

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3
Q

What is blepharoclonus?

A

Excessive blinking/spasming secondary to an ocular inflammation

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4
Q

What is myokymia?

A

Fasiculations of the orbiuclaris oculi (eye twitch) that is usually self limiting.

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5
Q

What can cause myokymia?

A

Stress, fatigue, medication or alcohol.

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6
Q

How to treat myokymia?

A

Coll compresses and topical antihistamines; want to increase refractory period of muscles so there is no quiver

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7
Q

What is pseudograefe?

A

Abnormaly regeneration of CNIII affecting the MR that attaches it to the levator palpebrae superioris; causes eye to elevate when abducting

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8
Q

What is angioedema with urticaria?

A

Allergies –> Swelling and hives. Caused by histamine release and causing severe swelling and red lesions.

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9
Q

How to treat angioedema with urticaria?

A

Antihistamines, cool compresses and possibly steroids

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10
Q

What are the three forms of Anthrax and which is ocular?

A

Cutaneous (ocular) , respiratory and intestional

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11
Q

Anthrax incidence is a large concern for which populations?

A

3rd world nations, people working with wool/cattle/farms

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12
Q

About how long does it take for symptoms to present in Anthrax?

A

Most often in about 2 weeks, but can be 1-2 days or up to 8 weeks.

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13
Q

When anthrax presents, it may look like what condition at first? (Signs and symptoms)

A

Preseptal cellulitis; no tenderness, no demarcation, no pain (usually), some itching, slight injection and redness

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14
Q

What is the disease process of anthrax?

A

Painless red rashes forming into papules becoming vesciular and maybe bullous. Eventually these ulcerate or hemorrhage, forming a black necrotic ulcer (eschar)

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15
Q

What’s the prognosis for anthrax? Treated and untreated?

A

80-90% spontaneously heal, remainder may have fatal results. Death is rare with proper systemic treatment

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16
Q

How to treat anthrax?

A

Vaccine; penicilin via IV, ciprofloxacin, maybe surgical repair if eschars severe

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17
Q

How does syphilis present?

A

Primary and secondary lid lesions with conjunctival involvement, madrosis, scleritis, interestitial keratitis

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18
Q

How to treat syphillis?

A

Penicilin

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19
Q

What’s elephantiasis?

A

Rarare parasitic infection causing lymphatic fluid to build up in subcutaneous tissue with severe allergic reaction and edema

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20
Q

What’s vaccinia (cow pox)?

A

Secondary to small pox vaccine, tends to self limit and leave a scar however. Caused by contamination from vaccination site

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21
Q

What’s madrosis?

A

Losing eyelashes

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22
Q

What’s poliosis?

A

White lashes

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23
Q

What’s xeroderma pigmentosum?

A

An autosomal recessive disorder where sunlight causes progressive pigmentation changes leading to scarring and possibly increased cancer rates (allergic to sun)

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24
Q

What’s erysipleas?

A

“Flesh eating disease” Strep. pyogenes secondary to a skin trauma.

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25
Q

How to treat erysipleas?

A

Oral antibiotics

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26
Q

What’s Erythema multiforme/Steven-Johnson syndrome?

A

Type IV hypersensitivity (DTH) usually to new medication. See a severe rash with perivascular inflammation (Bulls Eye Appearance)

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27
Q

What are the ocular signs to Steven Johnson syndrome?

A

Mucous discharge, pseudomembrane formation, papillary response, bullae formation, swollen crusty lids. Can even go into scarring, dry eye, iritis, corneal perforation, symblepharon, distchiasis, epiphoria, cictrical ectropion, and be FATAL

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28
Q

How to treat Steven Johnson Syndrome?

A

Electrolytes, systemic and topical steroids in high doses, may need a bandage CL

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29
Q

What’s cicatricial mean?

A

Scarring

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30
Q

How is Erythema multiforme similar to ocular cicatricial pemphigoid?

A

Both present with similar clinical appearances. Flu symptoms, severe rash with inflammation and a bulls eye appearance

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31
Q

How is Ocular Cicatricial pemphigoid different thant Erythema multiforme?

A

Age of onset is older in ocular cicatrical pemphigoid. Also in Steven Johnson syndrome more males are affected than females

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32
Q

What is Ocular Cicatricial Pemphigoid?

A

Late onset auto immune disorder affecting mucous membranes

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33
Q

How do you treat ocular cicatrical pemphigoid?

A

A supportive style, use AT, bandage lens, epilation, tarsorraphy, punctal plugs to best use whatever tears are left; use steroids and cyclophosphamide for immunosuppression

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34
Q

What’s impetigo?

A

A common staph infection seen in kids. A bug bite that you scratched causing a rash with crusted bullae

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35
Q

What’s Shingles?

A

Chicken pox virus, commonly affecting frontal nerve (upper lid and forehead and superior conj)

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36
Q

What’s Hutchinson Sign and what disorder is it associated with?

A

Tip of nose is red; associated with shingles and indicates nasociliary branch involvement (CNV)

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37
Q

Signs/Symptoms of Shingles?

A

Headache, fever, malaise, chills, PAIN, edema, scarring that can cause persistent pain, ptosis, ectropion, madrosis, entropion or lid retraction

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38
Q

How do you treat Shingles?

A

Usually self-limiting. But can give analgeics, prednisone, antidepressants for pain and oral antivirals (Acyclovir)

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39
Q

What’s Herpes Simplx?

A

A primary lesion acquired generally when an infected adults makes contact with a child. Leads to vesicles, that rupture, crust and heal.

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40
Q

How do you treat herpes simplex?

A

Preventative treatment to prevent corneal involvement, ACV cream, GCV gel, antibiotics to prevent secondary inflammations, drying agents to prevent oozing from ruptured crusts

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41
Q

What are the 5 kinds of blepharitis?

A 
Staphylococcal
Seborrheic
Mixed
Meibomiam gland dysfunction
Meibomiam keratoconjunctivitis
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42
Q

What are the signs of all kinds of blepharitis?

A

Corneal/conjunctival staining, corneal lesions at 2, 4, 8 and 10 o clock, capped glands, reduced TBUT, greasy/crusty eyelashes, poliosis and madrosis and maybe pachyblepharon

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43
Q

What are the symptoms of all kinds of blepharitis?

A

Itching, burning (in mornings), dry eye (FBS), mattered lids, redness, puffiness, scratchiness, lash loss and maybe a hordeloum

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44
Q

How to assess blepharitis?

A

TBUT (reduced generally), bulbar conj staining (best seen with LIssamine green or maybe fluorscein), corneal stains (SPK), digital expression that may be turbid and associated with pus, palpebral conj is injected, has calcifued concretions, glands are yellow and plugged, some papillae, tortuous vessels (telangiectasia)

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45
Q

What’s Staph Blepharitis?

A

Caused by staph organism, see inflammation, collarettes, madrosis, seen in younger patients

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46
Q

What’s Seborrheic blepharitis?

A

95% associated with generalized seborrhea (excessive sebum being discharged); get chronic mild inflammation, greasy crusts, papillary response

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47
Q

What’s Meibomiam Gland Dysfunction?

A

Meibomiam glands overproduce sebaceous material and have a very rapid turnover of epithelial cells

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48
Q

What are some complications with MGD?

A

Causes a third of CL intolerance, associated with rosacea and generalized seborrhea, a precursor to MKC

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49
Q

What’s Meibomiam Keratoconjunctivitis?

A

Meibomiam gland dysnfunction that involves the cornea. A delayed type hypersensitivity and tend to also see scarring and vascularization. See thick discharge.

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50
Q

How is MKC different from MGD?

A

See keratitis, and corneal lesions in the 2, 4, 8 and 10 o clock positions where lid is closest to the eye.

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51
Q

How to treat MKC?

A

Variable, but tends to involve steroids due to the DTH reaction.

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52
Q

How are the grands of MGD classified? (0 to 4)

A

0 - All glands open
1 - 1-2 glands partially obstructed with clear fluid on expression
2 - 3+ partially obstructed with an obaque fluid on expression
3 - 1-2 BLOCKED glands with many partially blocked
4 - 3+ blocked glands with everything partially blocked

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53
Q

Blepharitis assocations: What’s demodex?

A

A mite that inhabits the lashes, believed through fecal matter is depositing staph aureus into the lashes

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54
Q

What’s the common name for keractoconjunctivitis sicca.

A

Dry eye

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55
Q

What is the most common concurrent lid disease you see with keratoconjunctivitis sicca?

A

Staph blepharitis (50%), then MKC, MGD and seborrheic bleph

56
Q

What’s Acne Rosacea?

A

Seen in older patients, flushed skin and nose tissue deformation (rhinophyma) that is generally swelling of the nose. A dermatologic condition with dilation of capillaries of face and rapid turnover of epithelial cells.

57
Q

What condition can rosacae mimic?

A

Ocular pemphigoid

58
Q

In which population is rosacea underdiagnosed in?

A

African-American

59
Q

Signs and symptoms for rosacea?

A

Facial signs may be blepharitis, inflammation, tearing, chalazia, hordeola, corneal vascularzation, corneal/conjuctival scarring, corneal thinning and perforation

60
Q

How do you treat roseaca?

A

Refer to dermatoligst for oral antibiotics

61
Q

What’s a new relation seen in rosacea?

A

Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO)

62
Q

What’s Seborrhea?

A

Generalized dysfunction of sebaceous glands, overproducing and higher turnover that can be localized or diffuse.

63
Q

What are signs of seborrhea?

A

Dermatitis, DANDRUFF, prone to eczema and may develop MKC in a third of cases.

64
Q

How to treat seborrhea?

A

Refer to dermatologist and co-manage

65
Q

What are some complications to lid margine diseases?

A

Ulceration/Perforation
Corneal pannus and thinning
Cicatrization
Conjunctivalizatoin/keratinization of the cornea
Concreations (calcified sebacious material)
CL intolerance

66
Q

What are five management styles for Blepharitides?

A 
Nutritional
Hygeine
Forceful Expression
Topical Therapeutic agents
Oral therapeutic agents
67
Q

Describe Nutritional Management in treating blepharitis

A

Reducing fatty food consumption in seborrhea cases, more anti-oxidants and Omega 3 supplements. Attempting to manage cellular turnover.

68
Q

Describe hygeine management in treating blepharitis

A

Warm compresses to dissolve waxes, massaging to open glands, gentle lid scrubbing (don’t overdo)

69
Q

Describe forceful expression in treating blepharitis

A

Useful to reduce bacterial load in staph cases to decrease nutrition ofr bacteria and number.

70
Q

Describe topical therapeutic agents used to treat blepharitis

A

Useful in managing staph or mixed blepharitis cases and ulcerative forms. Steroids meant to reduce inflammation/hypersensitivity, possibly prophylactic antibiotics with corneal ulcers. Thick drops generally

71
Q

Describe oral antibiotic agents in treating blepharitis

A

Two goals, inhibit bacterial growth and inhibit lipase to decrease fatty acids. PS, Tetracycline is the prototypical compound here.

72
Q

What is the drug of choice for treating MGD; and what is the major contraidincation?

A

Doxycycline, BUT can cause bone and dentita retardation and should NEVER be used in pregnant or nursing or kids under 12

73
Q

What is a safer drug to use in children and pregnant women for the treatment of blepharitis?

A

Erythromycin. But can cause GI distress

74
Q

What’s Angular Blepharitis?

A

Blephatiritis that is caused by Moraxella or Staph atopy. See flaky canthal regions, worse laterally than medially; treat with Sn sulfate or bacitracin

75
Q

What’s a Hordeloum?

A

A red PAINFUL nodule that can be internal or external eyelids; Infectious by nature and leaves a a scar

76
Q

What’s a Chalazion?

A

Granulomatous (large bulging) tissue that can be secondary to hordeolum, can induce astigmatism and is painless. (Can cause compression) must be excised

77
Q

What’s Distichiasis?

A

An extra row of eyelashes growing out of the meibomiam gland openings

78
Q

What’s Pediculosis/Phthiriasis Palpebrum common name?

A

Lice

79
Q

What’s Pediculosis?

A

Body louse florid infestation

80
Q

What’s Phthiriasis?

A

Crab louse seen with adults and generaly the STD form, sometimes with kids via a nursing mom

81
Q

Signs and symptoms of lice?

A

Discharge, red itchy margins

Signs - SLE x, see translucent lice and fecal matter in lashes

82
Q

How to treat lice?

A

Treat the underlying infestation, but these preparations are TOXIC to the cornea. So for treating it near the eye, use vasoline to bland and smother the infestation, or remove with forceps.

83
Q

What’s Entropion?

A

When the lower lid turns in

84
Q

What are the four kinds of entropion?

A

Congenital
Involutional
Cicatrical
Spastic

85
Q

Describe congenital entropia

A

Rare, confused with epiblepharon which is an extran fold of skin. This happens with improper aponeurosis insertion into the retractor

86
Q

Describe involutional entropion

A

Most common and is an age related loss of horizontal lid tone and weakness of lid retractors

87
Q

Describe cicatrical entropion

A

It’s secondary to conjunctival scarring

88
Q

Describe spastic entropion

A

Severe corneal disease irritating lids, may be assocaited with blepharospasm. Progression is trichiasis leading to corneal scarring and pannus

89
Q

How to treat entropion?

A

Surgery, epilation (removing hair) or glue.

90
Q

What’s ectropion?

A

Eyelid rolling outward to expose cornea and conjunctiva

91
Q

What are four kinds of ectropion?

A

Involutional
Cicatrical/mechanical
Paralytic
Congenital

92
Q

What’s Involutional ectropion?

A

Age related, lids getting lax

93
Q

What’s cicatrical ectropion?

A

Scarring, burns, deramtoses, tumors or trauma causing lid damage. Need steroids or surgery to fix

94
Q

What’s paralytic ectropion?

A

Possibly bell’s palsy, a paralysis of the orbicularis, secondary to lagophthalmos and can manifest epiphoria. Treat with botox

95
Q

What’s congenital ectropion?

A

Usually associated with other lid problems, need lid taping, lubrication or surgery

96
Q

What’s lagophthalmos?

A

Incomplete eyelid closure

97
Q

What kinds of lagophthalmos are there?

A

Nocturnal
Orbital
Mechanical
Paralytic

98
Q

What’s nocturnal lagophthalmos

A

Eyelids don’t close during sleep, see dry eye, SPK in the inferior lid and more common in adults than children. Idiopathic.

99
Q

What’s orbital lagophthalmos?

A

See proptosis. Can be assocaited with Graves

100
Q

What’s mechanical lagophthalmos?

A

Lagophthalmos due to scarring

101
Q

What’s paralytic lagophthalmos?

A

Can be assocaited with bell’s palsy (unilateral CNVII paralysis), tends to be viral and self-limiting inflammation. Cannot close orbicularis oculi. Must rule out a stroke, treatment is supportive as tends to resolve within 3 months

102
Q

What are five kinds of ptosis?

A

Congenital - AD, improperly developed LPS
Blepharophimosis - AD, bilateral ptosis, telecanthus, epichantus inversus, lateral ectropion, hypolastic superior orbital rim and bridge
Horner’s - Associated with sympathetic damage
Congenital - Can see heterochromia as well in the eye
Acquired Horners - has no heterochromia, lost some sympathetic innervation

103
Q

Describe the three parts of the sympathetic innervation that can be damaged in Horner’s syndrome

A

Central
Preganglionic - Related to chest trauma/tumors or metastasizing tumors from lung/breast
Post-ganglionic - Most often benign and have no loss of sweating

104
Q

Describe the Diagnoses/Tests used to check for Horner’s

A

Cocaine Test - Dilates normal eye, not Horner’s eye. Tests for oculosympathetic paresis
Hydroxyamphetamine - Doesn’t dilate post-ganglionic, not enough NE released.
Phenylephrine - Elevates affected side due to hypersensitivity in muller’s

105
Q

What is Myotonic Dystrophy?

A

AD disorder, characterized by muscle wasting. Present with a mournful expression, ptosis, cataract, retinopathy, near-life reflex dissociation and a low IOP.

106
Q

What is myasthenia gravis?

A

Autoimmune disease by a loss of AcH receptors leading to muscle weakness and fatigue

107
Q

Signs of Myasthenia Gravis?

A

Ptosis, diplopia, nystagmus and fatigue as day progresses; In females 2:1 than men, tend to be 20-50 for onset.

108
Q

What do you do to test for Myasthenia Gravis?

A

Tensilon Test - Inject edrophonium which is an anticholinesterase, if there is improvement then it is gravis.

109
Q

How to treat Myasthenia Gravis?

A

Steroids, immunosupprives, anticholinesterases and thymectomy if associated thymoma present

110
Q

What’s Floppy eyelid syndrome?

A

Seen in middle aged obese men, loose skin who have easy to evert lids, dries out cornea and palpebral conj, associated with sleep apnea and keratoconus

111
Q

How to treat floppy eyelid syndrome?

A

Lid taping or surgery if severe

112
Q

What’s dermatochalasis?

A

Common bilateral condition in elderly with redundancy of skin, orbital fat through septum and indistinct creases of the lid

113
Q

What’s symblepharon?

A

Complete or partial fusion of palpebral conj to the bulbar conj

114
Q

What’s Ankyloblepharon?

A

Adhesion between upper and lower eyelids, generally at corner of eyes

115
Q

What’s the epichanthus?

A

Extra vertical fold over the nasal canthus

116
Q

What’s lid coloboma?

A

A little notch in the lid, caused by incomplete closure of embryonic tissue. May be associated with dermoids, strabismus or corneal opacities, and depending on size of notch it can cause corneal exposure

117
Q

How to treat lid coloboma?

A

Surgical repair at 3-6 months old, and supporive treatment to reduce exposure problems

118
Q

What’s cryptophthalmia?

A

Fusion of one eye as it doesn’t develop, basically no eye

119
Q

What’s a common name for ecchymosis?

A

Black eye.

120
Q

With ecchymosis, what do you want to check and why?

A

IOP - hemorrhage from injury may cause a sight threatening IOP spike that needs surgery

121
Q

What are the most common kinds of lid burns?

A

Thermal (flame, flash, scalding)

122
Q

What can result from a lid burn?

A

Edema can increase IOP and be sight threatening

123
Q

Describe how to treat a chemical burn

A

Immediate and profuse irrigation. If acidic chemical then these self limit, an alkali tend to lead to greater destruction of the eye.
Irrigate for 1-2 minutes for neutral chemicals, 5-10 for non-neutrals and continue until pH is normal. Then follow with antibiotic and cycloplegia

124
Q

How to treat the adhesion of eyelids with glue?

A

Mineral oil soak and a pressure patch

125
Q

What’s molluscum contagiosum?

A

Benign cyst/tumor; viral skin infection that is yellowish nodules that can cause conjunctivitis and SPK. Need excision

126
Q

What’s Xanthelasma?

A

Benign cyst/tumor - lipid like plaque lesions, remove for aesthetics

127
Q

What’s Keratoses?

A

Benign cyst/tumor - Sebhorrheic, well demarcated lesions.

128
Q

What’s a Sudoriferous Cyst?

A

Benign cyst/tumor - form from glands of moll, clear round nodules and tend to be asymptomatic, may lead to trichiasis and cause irritation complaints

129
Q

What’s the most common eyelid carcinoma?

A

Basal Cell

130
Q

Describe Basal Cell carcinoma

A

Slow-growing, eats away local tissue, usually on the lower lid, pearly borders and causes central corneal ulceration. Must be excised and radiated

131
Q

Describe Squamous Cell carcinoma in the eye

A

More aggressive than basal cell, higher chance of metastasizing, typically have a history of sun exposure but appears benign (scaly plaque-like appearance that is nodular)

132
Q

Describe a sebaceous gland carcinoma

A

Very rare, usually involves the meibomiam gland, may present as a recurring chalazion

133
Q

Describe a melanoma

A

Rare, can be pigmented or nonpigmented,

134
Q

Describe a Kaposi sarcoma

A

Vascular tumor associated with AIDS that is rapidly growing and bleeds. Treat with radiation

135
Q

What is the difference between a hordeolum and a chalazion?

A

Hordeolum is infectious, chalazion is non-infectious (granulomatous)

Ocular Disease Test 2 (6 decks)

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