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Ocular Disease Test 2 > Iris Disorders > Flashcards

Iris Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Define Anisocoria

A

Unequal pupil size

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2
Q

What can cause Anisocoria?

A

Efferent nervous system defect
Physical lesion
Drugs (Pilocarpine, cocaine, tropicamide, scopolamine)

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3
Q

If the anisocoric pupil is the SMALLER one, how would it behave in dim and bright light; what is the most common cause?

A

Will not dilate in the dim light but can constrict in bright light;
Common with Horner’s Syndrome

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4
Q

If the anisocoric pupil is the LARGER one, how would it behave in dim and bright light; what is the most common cause?

A

Will not constrict in bright light but dilate in the dim light;
Oculomotor nerve palsy

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5
Q

What signs presenting with anisocoria could indicate blood/tumor/pathology in the brain; what is the treatment?

A 
Aniscoria with:
Confusion
Decreased mental status
Severe headache
Emergency treatment, possibly neurosurgical
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6
Q

What is a Coloboma?

A

Tissue cleft/defect, can be any structure in the eye (iris/lid are what we’ve seen)
AD; Caused by incomplete fusion of fetal fissure during gestation

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7
Q

How can Coloboma present (in the iris)?

A 
Iris is still full thickness
Bilateral and tends to be inferiorly located
Defect lined by pupillary ruff
NO impact on VA/accommodation
May lead to lens subluxation
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8
Q

How do you treat Coloboma?

A

You don’t. Can use CLs for aesthetics

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9
Q

What is a Corectopia?

A

Displacement of the pupil form the central location

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10
Q

What is a pseudopolycoria?

A

More than one pupil

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11
Q

What are the four individual anterior chamber cleavage syndroms that make up Axenfeld-Rieger Syndrome?

A 
Axenfeld's Anomaly
Axenfeld's Ayndrome
Rieger's Anomaly
Rieger's Syndrome
(Collapsed all four onto a single spectrum hence the new name)
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12
Q

What is Axenfeld’s Anomaly?

A

Peripheral anterior segment defects (posterior embryotoxon and peripheral anterior synechiae)

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13
Q

What is Rieger’s Anomaly?

A

Axenfeld’s anomaly with iris/pupil abnomalities (decentered pupil or multiple)

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14
Q

What is Rieger’s syndrome?

A

Ocular anomalies and systemic developmental defects (dental, craniofacial and skeletal) as well

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15
Q

Describe the presentation of Axenfeld-Rieger Syndrome

A

Bilateral posterior embryotoxon with iris strands attached
Peripheral anterior synechiae and hypoplasia of anterior iris stroma
Iris atrophy and pupil misshapen (discoria)
Dental/craniofacial/skeletal abnormalities
CHECK FOR GLAUCOMA

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16
Q

What is Aniridia?

A

Absence of the iris
Rare bilateral condition
Mutation on neuroectoderm gene PAX6
See corneal, lenticular and fundus changes

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17
Q

What symptoms can present in Aniridia?

A

PHOTOPHOBIA
Nystagmus
Lowered VA
Strabismus

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18
Q

What are the three classes of aniridia?

A

AN-1 (isolated): AD and 85% of cases
AN-2 (Miller syndrome): 13% of cases and associated with Wilm’s tumor, genitourinary anomalies and MR
AN-3 (Gillespie syndrome): AR and 2% of cases, see mental handicaps and cerebellar ataxia

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19
Q

How can Aniridia affect the anterior segment?

A

K Opacity
Microcornea
Dermoids
Sclerocornea

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20
Q

How can Aniridia affect the lens?

A

Subluxation
Opacity
Absence
Persistent Pupillary Membrane

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21
Q

How can Aniridia affect the fundus?

A

Foveal hypoplasia
Optic nerve hypoplasia
Choroidal coloboma

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22
Q

How else can Aniridia affect ocular structures?

A

Nystagmus
Mental retardation
Secondary glaucoma (75%)

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23
Q

Describe Ectropion Uvea

A

Condition in which posterior iris epithelium curls up past the pupillary margin to move onto anterior iris
Congenital - Rare, nonprogressive, pigmented posterior iris epithelium extending over anterior iris; one or both eyes, follow for glaucoma
Acquired, most common presentation, secondary to retinal ischemia or inflammation

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24
Q

Describe the two kinds of Heterochromia

A

Heterochromium Iridium - Unilateral, one iris has more than one color
Heterochromia irides - bilateral, eahc iris is a different color

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25
Q

Describe Hypo and Hyperchromia

A

Hypochromia - Congenital, Horner’s Syndrome

Hyperchromia - Naevus of Ota, Ocular siderosis, diffuse nevus or melanoma, Sturge-Webeter syndrome, Latanoprost (drug)

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26
Q

Describe Heterochromia Irides in more detail

A

Heterochromia where both eyes are different colors
Congenital - Associated with cranio-dystosis (Crouzon’s Dx)
Acquired - Trauma, surgery, inflammation, foreign body, Fuch’s Heterochromic Iridocyclitis, Horner’s syndrome

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27
Q

Describe Fuch’s Heterochromic Iridocyclitis

A

A chronic nongranulomatous anterior UVEITIS in the lighter colored eye
Bilateral and affects 20-60 years old
Often misdiagnosed or mistreated

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28
Q

What is the history of a patient with Fuch’s Heterochromic Iridocyclitis?

A

Floaters from vitreous inflammation/Lower VA secondary to cataracts
Low-grade inflammation usually persists over many years and needs no treatment
Occassional flare up of inflammation to a moderate level with short term topical corticosteroid therapy

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29
Q

In cases of inflammation flare up in Fuch’s Heterochromic Iridocyclitis would long-term/high-dose topical corticosteroids be beneficial?

A

No

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30
Q

What is the heterochromic triad seen with Fuch’s heterochromic iridocyclitis?

A

Iritis
Heterochromia
Cataract

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31
Q

What other signs can be seen with Fuch’s Heterochromic Iridocyclitis?

A

Keratic precipitates: pathognomonic (very characteristic to this disease)
Diffuse iris stromal atrophy; loss of crypts
Prominent radial blood supply
Iris nodules, pupillary bolder (Koeppe nodules) and in the iris stroma (Busacca nodules), rubeosis, mydriasis

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32
Q

What happens to the iris color in Fuch’s Heterochromic Iridocystitis?

A

Browns are less brow

Blues are more saturated blues

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33
Q

What condition can occur secondary to Fuch’s Heterochromic Iridocyclitis?

A

Secondary glaucoma

34
Q

Describe Keratic precipitates

A

Inflammatory cells with white blood cells; from the iris and ciliary body
These enter the aqueous and adhere to the cornea
KP’s large clusters: granulomatous “mutton fat”
KP’s punctate: nongranulomatous, may be inferior or diffuse

35
Q

How does a new keratic precipitate look? How does an old one look?

A

New - White, smooth rounded

Old - shrunken, pigmented or glassy

36
Q

Describe a Persistent Pupillary Membrane (PPM)

A

Congenital - the remnants of tunica vasculosa lentis
Wispy, silky (spider web) appearance
Benign and can fade with age
NO VA EFFECT

37
Q

Describe Rubeosis Irides

A

Neovascularization of the iris due to retinal ischemia (release of chemical mediators)
Vessels grow from the peripheral retina and migrate across the iris posteriorly-anteriorly

38
Q

What conditions can cause Rubeosis Irides?

A

Diabetic retionpathy

Central Retinal Vein Occlusion

39
Q

The scarring and contraction of the abnormal vessels seen in Rubeosis Irides can cause what?

A

Acquired ectropion uvea

40
Q

Describe (Secondary) Iris Atrophy

A

Localized or diffuse
Mainly due to AGING, trauma, surgery, infections
Areas of stromal thinning and See depigmentation
Leads to corneal pigment dusting and Secondary Glaucoma

41
Q

What other subcategories comprises Iridocorneal-Endothelial Syndrome? (ICE)

A

Essential/Progressive Iris Atrophy
Chandler Syndrome
Iris-Nevus (Cogan-Reese) Syndrome

42
Q

Describe Iridocorneal-Endothelial Syndrome

A

Rare unilateral with a slow progression;
Females affected more than males (2:1)
Seen in young to middle aged
It is an abnormal corneal endothelial layer with movement of endothelial cells off the cornea onto the iris

43
Q

What is the term describing the movement of corneal endothelial cells to the iris?

A

Proliferative endo-epithelialopathy

44
Q

How does Iridocorneal-Endothelial Syndrome present?

A 
Glaucoma in half of cases (clogged TM)
Iris Atrophy
Peripheral Anterior Synechiae
Iris Nodules
Corneal endothelial problems/edema
Corectopia (distortion of pupil)
Pseudopolycoria
Ectropion uvea
45
Q

Describe Essential/Progressive Iris Atrophy

A

Unilateral low-grade inflammatory reaction over 1-3 years
Rare and mainly in women in their 30s
Severe stromal atrophy - Iris holes (seen with retroillumination)
Peripheral anterior synchiea can develop
Secondary glaucoma or corneal endothelial problems

46
Q

Describe Chandler Syndrome

A

A less severe essential iris atrophy and is the most commonly seen subcategory of iris atrophy; PAS with severe corneal changes (silver hammered appearance)
Blurred VA and halos secondary to edema
10-25% develop unilateral glaucoma
Mild or moderate corectopia
Stromal atrophy variable
GREATER corneal changes/edema but fewer iris abnormalities

47
Q

Describe Iris Nevus Syndrome (Cogan-Reese)

A

Very rare
Diffuse/multiple pigmented or pedunculated iris nodules/nevi
Iris atrophy in half of these cases that can be mild to moderate
Appearance is smudged or matted
Maybe see some diffuse iris melanoma

48
Q

How do you treat ICE Syndromes?

A

CASE SPECIFIC and determined by degree of corneal edema and severity of the glaucoma
Topical aqueous suppressants to manage the glaucoma (beta blockers?)
Despite adequate IOP control, corneal edema may persist due to endotheliopathy and require PKP

49
Q

What are some other notes for ICE syndrome?

A

The three subcategories are all related
Progression is unpredictable but many have good outcomes
The iris is dragged in the direction of the PAS

50
Q

Describe Iridoschisis

A

Rare bi lateral condition that is AGE related (60s)
Stromal splitting, splitting of anterior (mesodermal) stroma of iris into two layers with fibrils of anterior layer floating in the aqueous
Usually inferior iris affected
Associated with angle closure glaucoma (90%) secondary to a high IOP
MONITOR

51
Q

Describe Iris Nevi

A

Common hyperpigmentated areas and usually flat
Single or multiple and will vary in size, shape, height or color
Typically less than 3mm in diameter
Mild to no vascularization or pupil distortion

52
Q

Describe an Iris melanoma

A 
More common with light irises (3:1)
Tend to be inferior iris and are slow growing with neovascularization and pupil distortion (see ectropion irides)
Secondary glaucoma and cataracts
Low mortality rate (spindle cells)
8% of uveal melanomas
53
Q

Describe the aggression of an Iris Melanoma

A

Most primary tumors of the iris are benign
Much less aggressive than melanoma in the choroid or ciliary body
Mortality rate is up to 11% depending on metastses and CB involvement
Metastases is 2-10% higher if the CB is involved

54
Q

Describe the incidence and presentation of Iris melanomas

A

No sexual preference, average age of onset is 40-50 years
Pigmented or non-pigmented
At least 3 mm in daimeter and 1mm in thickness and can be smooth or irregular

55
Q

What is the history for an Iris Melanoma?

A

Nevus that’s been there since childhood and has suddenly started to grow (patient has cosmetic concerns and maybe pain due to increased IOP)

56
Q

What would the clinical presentation of an Iris Melanoma be?

A

Circumscribed or diffuse nodular shaped melanomas commonly on the inferior iris
Can grow anterior into AC or posterior into posterior chamber
(Involving AC can invade CB)

Evaluate with gonio and ultrasound biomicroscope

57
Q

What is a very characteristic clinical appearance for an iris melanoma that is growing either anterior or posterior?

A

“Lion’s Paw appearance”

58
Q

Describe a diffuse iris melanoma

A

Can cause acquired heterochromia
Associated with glaucoma that responds poorly to treatment, see severe disc cupping and VA loss
Higher risk of a metastasis than circumscribed

59
Q

Discribe the objective tests to evaluate an iris melanoma

A 
Transillumination
Slit lamp with a measurement of nodule
Indirect exam with scleral depression
Gonio
Photography
Ultrasound biomicroscopy
60
Q

What is the Dx for an iris melanoma?

A 
Iris nevus
CIliary body melanoma
Metastases from lung or breast
Primary iris cyst
Adenoma of iris pigment epithelium
61
Q

Describe an Iris cyst

A

Hyperpigmentation and hypertrophy of iris pigmented epithlium on posterior iris
Uncommon unilateral lesiosn that can be primary or secondary

62
Q

Describe a primary iris cyst

A

Arise from iris pigmented epithelium/stroma
Mostly stationary and asymptomatic
Epithelial cyst - Globular, dark brown and seen with a transillumination, can be on the pupil border, midzone or peripheral
Stromal cyst - Very rare and tends to be in children, clear anterior wall and are fluid filled

63
Q

Describe a secondary iris cyst

A

S/P surgery, ocular trauma or long acting miotics
FLuid fild
Clear anterior wall
Tend to enlarge (uveitis and glaucoma)

64
Q

How to diagnose an iris cyst?

A

High frequency ultrasonography reveals internal echolucency (fluid filled)
Large cysts can be seen by slit-lamp examination (take a photo)
Periodic observation necessary due to the rare instances of secondary angle closure glaucoma and synchronous ciliary body neoplasia

65
Q

How to treat an iris cyst?

A

Typically no treatment
If performed is for rare instances of secondary glaucoma or when visual axis is blocked
Laser has been used to delfate iris pigment epithelial cysts with minimal side effects
Periodic observation warrented

66
Q

Describe Albinism

A

Defect of melanin production resulting in little or no color in skin, hair and eyes

67
Q

What symptoms are common in albinism?

A

Absence of color in hair, skin or iris
Lighter than normal skin and hair
Patchy, missing skin color

68
Q

What ocular symptoms show in albinism?

A 
Crossed eye (strabismus)
Light sensitivity (photophobia)
Rapid eye movement (nystagmus(
VA issues, even functional blindness
69
Q

How can you treat albinism?

A

Relieve the symptoms and the treatment depends on severity
Protect skin and eyes from the sun (sunscreen, cover up and UV protecting sunglasses to deal with photophobia)
Genetic testing and counseling

70
Q

What are the kinds of albinism?

A

Oculocutaneous (Tyrosinase negative and positive)
Ocular albinism
Autosomal recessive

71
Q

Describe oculocutaneous albinism, tyrosinase negative

A

Unable to produce melanin and a complete albino (complete iris transillumination is pink, low VA, photophobia, pendular horizontal nystagmus)

72
Q

Describe oculocutaneous albinism, tyrosinase positive

A

Some melanin is produced, fair to normal complexion, blue/dark brown iris with variable transillumination
May or may not have lower VA or nystagmus

73
Q

What other physical signs can occur with albinism?

A

Abnormal corssing of temporal fibers in optic chiasm causing lower VA
Difficulty with healing and infections
Ask if the patient is easily bruised, nose bleeds or has hearing loss

74
Q

Describe Ocular Albinism

A

X-linked or AR
Involvement of just the eye and no hair/skin
Peripheral RPE affected causing lower VF
Female carries are asymptomatic, normal VA, partial iris transillumination and maybe macular stippling

75
Q

Describe the inflammatory Iris Nodule case: Koeppe Nodules

A

Features of granulomatous inflammation
Koeppe nodules - small in size at the pupil border (inflammatory, cell precipitates and may also be found in non-granulomatous uveitis)
Busacca noduels are less common on mid iris surface

76
Q

Should you treat the inflammation in iris nodules what happens to the nodules?

A

When inflammation is treated nodules resolve

77
Q

Describe the inflammatory Iris Nodule case: Lisch Nodules

A

Lisch nodules - small bilateral melanocytic hamartomas (benign tumor); neurofibromatosis type I, presnt in greater than 94% of patients over 6 year,s clear, yellow brown oval to round dome-shaped papules that project form the surface of the iris and do not affect VA

78
Q

Describe the inflammatory Iris Nodule case: Iris Mamillations

A

Rare, tiny regular spaced villiform (tiny nipple like) elevated iris lesions with uniform height
Overlie areas of hyperpigmented iris
Partially or totalyl cover anterior surface of iris
Neurofibromatosis I
Usually unilateral and occurs sporadically
Asyomptomatic and may cause higher IOP

79
Q

What are Brushfield Spots?

A

Gray or brown spots on iris associated with mongolism (Down’s) also in many normal kids

80
Q

What is an Iridodialysis?

A

A tear in the iris

81
Q

What is Iridodonesis?

A

Tremulousness of the iris on movement of the yee occuring in subluxation of the lens (jiggling iris)

82
Q

What is Iris Bombe?

A

Occurs in posterior annular synechia in which an increase of fluid in posterior chamber causes a forward bulging of peripheral iris

Ocular Disease Test 2 (6 decks)

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