Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Opthamology > Lid and Lacrimal Disorders > Flashcards

Lid and Lacrimal Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

most common diagnosis in a patient with red eye AND discharge?

A

conjunctivitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what term is used to describe the fine blood vessels that cause the conjunctiva to look pink/red?

A

-injection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Types of Conjunctivitis

A
  • infectious
  • -bacterial
  • -viral
  • noninfectious
  • -allergic
  • -non-allergic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What type of conjuntivitis is most infectious?

A
  • viral most common in adults and children; adenovirus is most common
  • bacterial is more common in children than adults
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Conjunctivitis in neonates

A

-bacterial (chlamydial) and viral infections are major causes of septic neonatal conjunctivitis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the most common types of bacteria causing bacterial conjunctivitis?

A
  • staph aureus (adults)
  • strep pneumo (child)
  • h flu (child)
  • moraxella catarrhalis (child)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Bacterial conjunctivitis

  • contagious?
  • spread via?
  • risk factors
  • critically educate about what?
A
  • highly contagious
  • spread by direct contact with the pt and his/her secretions or with contaminated objects/surfaces

Risk factors:

  • poor hygiene practice
  • poor contact hygiene
  • contaminated cosmetics
  • crowded living/social conditions (daycare, elementary, military)

-HAND WASHING is most critical education.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Bacterial Conjunctivitis

  • History
  • Presentation
  • diagnostic testing
  • treatment
A

Hx- redness and discharge in one or both eyes, matted shut eye in the AM, a lot of discharge throughout the day that is yellow, white, or green

Presents: conjunctival inflamm in one or both eyes, a lot of discharge at lid margins and in the corners of the eye, lid edema.

Diagnostic test:
-gram stain and culture, only done if things are not healing or getting better after a couple of weeks.

Tx: 
-usually clears by itself 10days w/o tx. 
-proper hand hygiene 
-1-3 days away from work/school 
-cool compress
-dont wear contacts
-artificial tears 
-meds: Gentamicin (1-2drops 4x/day 1wk) and Erythromcin (4x/day for 1 wk)
CI in kids: Ciprofloxacin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Viral Conjunctivitis

  • how is this spread?
  • contagious?
  • sx
  • presentation
  • tx
A
  • -spread by direct contact with the pt and his/her secretions or with contaminated objects/surfaces
  • yes, highly

Symptoms:

  • burning, sandy, gritty feeling(BUT NOT PAIN, just irritation) , more of a watery discharge
  • usually begins as unilateral, though 2nd eye usually becomes involved within 24-48hrs

Presentation:

  • conjunctival hypermia
  • watery discharge
  • palpebral conjunctiva may have bumpy or follicular appearance
  • may have enlarged and tender perauricular lymph node**

Tx:

  • usually resolves on own in 7-10days
  • cool compress
  • artificial tears
  • supportive measures
  • keep kids out of school until resolution.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Allergic Conjunctivitis

  • Cause
  • presentation
  • hx
  • sx
  • tx
A

cause:
- airborn allergen»>contact eye»>mast cell degranulation»> release of histamine

presentation:

  • conjunctival hypermia
  • watery discharge
  • palpebral conjunctiva may have bumpy or follicular appearance
  • may have morning crusting
  • **- ALWAYS BILATERAL
  • **-ITCHING
  • **- no lymphadenopathy

Hx: seasonal allergies, specific allergies, asthma, eczema

Sx:

  • intesnse itching or burning
  • puffy eyelids
  • stringy eye discharge

Tx:

  • avoid irritant
  • lubricate drops
  • cool compress
  • OTC antihistamines (may also cause drying of the eyes)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Differentiating Features in Acute Conjunctivitis

A

Discharge/cell type
-bacterial: purulent, polymorphonuclear leukocytes

  • viral: clear, mononuclear cells
  • allergic: clear, mucoid, ropy, eosinophil

Eyelid Edema:

  • bacterial: moderate
  • viral: minimal
  • allergic: moderate-severe
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

RED FLAGS of Conjuncitivits

A
  • reduction of visual acuity
  • severe deep eye pain, not just irrriation
  • cilliary flush (pattern of injection at the ring of the limbus)
  • photophobia
  • severe foreign body sensation preventing pt from keeping eye open
  • corneal opacity
  • fixed pupil
  • severe HA w/ nausea
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Hyperacute Bacterial Conjunctivitis

  • caused by?
  • transmitted via?
  • characterized by?
  • tx
A
  • Neisseria gonorrhoeae
  • transmitted genitalia»hands»eyes
  • characterized by profuse purulent discharge, fever, redness, irritation, tenderness to palpation, periauricular adenopathy
  • tx: requires immediate ophthalmologic referral and hospitalization for systemic and topical abx therapy to prevent vision loss.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

To prescribe or not to prescribe abx?

How do we handle this dilema?

A

if its not bacterial do not put them on abx.

you may feel pressured to prescribe abx even when there is nothing to suggest a bacterial process b/c:
-daycare centers and schools require students with conjunctivitis to receive 24hrs of abx.

  • viral= approach like you would with cold
  • allergic=approach like you would with allergic rhinitis
  • bacterial- Abx.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca (Dry Eye Syndrome)

  • Factors
  • types of KS
  • Pathophysiology
  • Common eye complaints (history)
  • Diagnosis
  • Treatment
A

Factors

  • age
  • female gender
  • hormonal changes
  • systemic diseases (DM, Parkinson)
  • Contact lens wearers
  • systemic medications
  • ocular medication

Types:

  • aqueous tear deficient
  • evaporative

pathophys: decreased tear production via:
- lacrimal gland dysfunction/distruction
- increase evaporative loss

  • Eye c/o:
  • dryness
  • red eyes
  • general irritation
  • gritty sensation
  • burning sensation
  • excessive tearing
  • light sensitivity
  • blurred vision

Dx:
-Schirmer Test: tests if tear production is normal by applying strip of filter paper on lower eyelid, if less than 5.5mm of wetting occurs after 5mins on two successive occassions you have positive test. Evaporative types

-Tear Breakup Test (TBUT)
flouroscien applied, pt stares until the first dry spot develops, if less than 10sec the test is positive. Tear deficiency.

Tx:

  • depends on etiology
    (evaporative)
  • meibomian gland dysfunction: warm compress and doxycycline
  • seborrheic blepharitis: eyelid margin scrub and bacitracin ointment
  • stay hydrated, use humidifier, avoid smoke
  • True KS (aqueous tear deficient): artificial tears(preservative free) occlusion of nasolacrimal punctum, topical cyclosporine (restasis)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is dacrocystitis?

  • cause
  • presentation
A

infection of the lacrimal sac, often associated with a blocked duct.

cause:

  • pressure applied over sac causes reflux of mucoid material through puncta
  • obstruction of the nasolacrimal duct by a tight inferior meatus
  • S. aureus, H flu, beta hemolytic streptococci, pneumococci

presentation: pain, redness, edema around lacrimal sac

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Tx of Dacrocystitis

A

warm compress
oral abx
if pt sick and febrile may suggest an abcess and send to ophtho.
careful follow up… if persists sent to ophtho

18
Q

Dacrostenosis

  • what is this?
  • most common in?
  • tx
A

-nasolacrimal duct obstruction, most commonly at the valve of hasner (inferior portion of the duct near inferior turbinate)

  • seen most common in infants and newborns:
  • persistent tearing
  • ocular discharge
  • rarely injection of the conjunctiva

Tx:

  • manual compression (4-5x/day)
  • probing by ophtho. between 6-9mo, may be done in office or OR requiring a stent
19
Q

Hordeolum

  • aka
  • what is it?
  • what bacteria causes?
  • presentation
  • diagnosis
  • tx
A
  • stye
  • localized infection of eyelid margin involving either hair follicles of eyelashes or meibomian glands
  • usually caused by staph aureus

presentation:
- painful, erythematous, localized mass, edema
- external hordeolum»may see material exuding from eyelash line.
- internal hordeolum»may be opening where you see material exude on the conjunctival surface of the eye

Diagnosis:

  • fever and sick feeling are not consistent with this dx
  • if process involves the lid and periorbital tissues you MUST treat it as periorbital cellulitis not as hordeolum
  • preauricular lymph nodes will NOT be enlarged.

Tx:

  • self limiting meaning it should resolve self on own.
  • warm compress
  • abx indicated only when inflammation has spread beyond the immediate area
  • may be incised with fine tipped blade.
  • if not responding to tx within 2-3 days consult ophtho
20
Q

What kinds of education do you provide the pt with a stye/hordeolum?

A
  • DONT squeeze the stye, this may spread the infection

- follow up with ophtho if not fully improved within 1-2weeks

21
Q

Chalazion

  • aka
  • symptoms
  • tx
A

-meibomian gland or lipogranuloma

sx:
-painless nodule

tx: often disappears without treatment within a few months and virtually all will reabsorb within 2yrs.
- hot compress
- inject corticosteroids or surgically remove in extreme cases

22
Q

Blepharitis

  • what is this?
  • associated with what systemic conditions?
  • pathophys
  • risk factors
  • Clinical presentation (hx and PE)
  • Tx
A
  • inflamm involving the structure of lid margin and involves:
  • erythema
  • scaling
  • crusting

associated:
- rosecea
- seborrheic dermatitis

pathophys:
- bacterial colonization of eyelid, direct microbial invation of tissue.

RI:
-people who have tendene toward oily skin, dandruff, and dry eyes.

Presentation:
Hx:
-burning, watering, crusting, scaling, erythematous eyelids
-chronic course with intermittent exacerbations
PE:
-eyelids show erythema and crusting of the lashed and lid margins, may be some injection in conjunctiva

Tx:

  • eyelid margin hygiene
  • warm compress
  • mechanical washing
  • abx ointment during exacerbation (erythromycin)
23
Q

Ectropion

  • what is this?
  • cause
  • sx
  • tx
A
  • eversion of the eyelid margin away from the globe
  • aging, facial palsy, scar tissue from burns
  • dry, painful eyes, excessive tearing (epiphoria), long term conjunctivits

Tx:
-artificial tears, artificial tears lubricant at night, surgery

24
Q

Entropian

  • what is this?
  • cause
  • Risk factors
  • Sx
  • Tx
A
  • inversion of eyelid toward the globe
  • muscle weakness, scars, previous surgeries, skin diseases, infections

Risk factors:

  • aging
  • chemical burns

Sx:

  • decreased vision (if conrea is damaged) (eyelashes poking the eye)
  • excessive tearing
  • eye pain irritation and redness

Tx:

  • taping lower lid
  • botox
  • surgery
25
Q

Pterygium

  • what is this?
  • sx
  • Risk factors
  • Tx
A

-noncancerous growth that starts on the conjunctiva, can move onto the conrea***

Sx:
asymptomatic

Risk:
-exposure to sun, dust, sandy wind blow areas

Tx:

  • artificial tears
  • surgery
26
Q

Pinguecula

  • how does this appear on the eye?
  • causes
  • sx
  • tx
A

-yellowish growth of the scleral conjunctive and is usually adjacent to the limbus, WILL NOT encroach onto the cornea.** can be on both sides but usually on medial side.

causes
-sun exposure, irritation

Sx;
-asymptomatic

Tx:
-can be surgically removed fro cosmetic reasons

27
Q

Capillary Hemangioma

  • when is this diagnosed
  • most common presentation
  • diagnostic testing
  • visual complications
  • tx
A

diagnosed: 1/3 at birth, 90% by 6mo

Presentation: superficial tumor that develops a strawberry appearance, enlargement of hemangioma w/ valsalva

testing: CT/MRI show diffusely infiltrating non-encapsulated mass

visual complications:
-amblyopia or astigmatism

*major complications: superinfection, ulceration

Tx-

  • steroids (systemic and intralesional, IFN, beta-blocker= now first line therapy)
  • radiation therapy
  • surgical resection
28
Q

Lacrimal Gland Tumors

  • what is this?
  • types
A

-enlargemnt of lacrimal fossa with displacement of globe and no inflamm signs

  • Pleomorphic adenoma
  • Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma
29
Q

Pleomorphic adenoma

  • malignant or benign?
  • age at onset
  • sx
  • tx
A
  • benign mixed tumor, slow progression
  • 20-50yrs
  • painless proptosis (exopthalmos)/ medial globe displacement
  • excision biopsy (total)
30
Q

Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma

  • malignant or benign?
  • diagnostic testing
  • sx
  • tx
A
  • most common malignant lacrimal tumor
  • CT; boney destruction in inflitrate

Sx:
-pain and numbness

Tx: -requires aggressive surgical tx, 50% mortality

31
Q

Malignant Eyelid Tumors

-types

A

basal cell carcinoma

squamous cell carcinoma

Meibomian gland carcinoma

Melanoma

Karposi Sarcoma

Merkel Cell Carcinoma

32
Q

Basal Cell Carcinoma

  • frequent locations
  • benign or malignant?
  • affects what age group?
  • tx
A
  • lower lid, medial canthus, upper lid, lateral canthus
  • most common human malignancy, does not metastasize
  • affects the elderly
  • excision
33
Q

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

  • compare to Basal cell carcinoma
  • cause
  • common location
  • tx
A
  • less common but more aggressive than BCC
  • arise in solar-damaged skinn and premalignant lesions
  • commonly found on the bottom eyelid
  • excision and possibly radiation
34
Q

Meibomian glad carcinoma

  • aka
  • what is it?
  • where does it commonly occur?
  • treatment
A
  • sebaceous cell carcinoma
  • lethal eyelid malignancy which can masquerade as a benign condition
  • upper eyelid
  • excision and possible radiation
35
Q

Melanoma

  • Parts of the eye it affects
  • major risk factor
  • treatment
A
  • choroid, ciliary body, conjunctiva, eyelid
  • excessive exposure to sunlight
  • excision and possibly radiation and chemo
36
Q

Karposi Sarcoma

  • Who does this mainly occur in?
  • treatment depends on?
  • treatment types
A
  • AIDS patients
  • age, status of general health, current medications, immune status
  • small kaposi’s sarcomas can be removed at biopsy. Chemo, radiation are indicated if overall health and immune status allow
37
Q

Merkel Cell Caracinoma

  • agressive or not?
  • Most common locationi
  • treatments
A
  • rare but agressive malignancy that metastasize early to regional lymph nodes- fast growing
  • upper eyelid
  • excision and radiation and chemo if metastasis
38
Q

All conjunctivitis cases are self limited processes, true of false?

A

True

39
Q

Conjunctivitis is a diagnosis of exclusion, true or false?

A

TRUE!
The diagnosis should only be made w/ red eye and discharge IF vision is normal and there is no evidence of kerititis (inflamm cornea), iritis, or glaucoma.

40
Q

Is the eye being “matted shut” in the AM helpful in differentiating the cause of conjunctivitis?

A
  • NO!

Opthamology (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions