Liberalism Flashcards
social darwinism quotes
SMILES (self help): “heaven helps those who help themselves” COBDEN: “look not to parliament, look only to yourselves” SUMNER: “the drunkard in the gutter is where he ought to be”
social contract
a hypothetical agreement among individuals through which they form a state in order to escape from the disorder and chaos of the state of nature both sides uphold the agreement or face the consequences (state = revolution, people = imprisonment) Locke
natural rights
god given rights that are fundamental to human beings and are therefore inalienable can’t be taken away life liberty and property Locke
what is the concept of freedom
the ability to think or act as one wishes a capacity that can be associated with the individual, a social group, or a nation can be seen to be the unifying principle within liberal ideology
on what grounds have liberals supported democracy
on the grounds of: consent political participation pluralist
what philosophers are associated with natural rights
Thomas Hobbes John Locke
why have liberals supported the fragmentation of government power?
Because of concerns about power and in particular concentrated power Liberals believe that power tends to corrupt because human beings are essentially self seeking creatures and so will use any position of power to pursue their own interests probably at the expense of others the greater concentration of power, the greater the incentive people have to both benefit themselves and use others to this end
describe neoliberalism
updated version of classical liberalism economy works best when left alone by government reflecting a belief in free market economics and atomistic individualism unregulated market capitalism delivers efficiency growth and widespread prosperity the dead hand of the state saps initiative and discouraged enterprise market fundamentalism
explain why liberals support individualism
seen in a strong support for individual freedom, support toleration, respecting the views and values even if they disapprove classical liberals egoistical individualism emphasised individuals are self seeking, self reliant, rational and so able to carve out own destiny modern liberals developmental individualism which reflects a belief in personal growth and self realisation allowing individual to truly flourish
modern liberals on individualism
advanced a developmental form of individualism priorrizises human flourishing over the quest for interest satisfaction
what is rationalism?
the belief that the world has a structure that can be explored and understood through the exercise of human reason and critical injury new mode of thinking associated with the enlightenment so reflects an underlying belief in reason and progress
what is the concept of individualism?
the belief in the supreme importance of the individual over any social group or collective body
what was mills opinion on freedom
individuals should have almost complete freedom over their actions as long as these actions do not harm others
equality
the principle that human beings are of identical worth or are entitled to be treated in the same way
how do both liberals and anarchists agree on positive freedom
both claim that societies they propose maximise INDIVIDUALISM and fulfilment of personal progress and creativity liberated individuals from the restraints of societies which restrict choice and opportunity and discourage the achievement of self realisation
free market
the principle or policy of unfettered market competition free from government interference
list some key neoliberal policies
privatisation spending cuts especially in social welfare tax cuts specially in coroporate tax deregulation
how do modern liberals support individualism?
developmental individualism nurturing interventionist state allowing individuals to develop their true capabilities to self actualise people need education to be intellectually developed and healthcare or housing to be physically developed
example of how democracy holds the government accountable?
more than 120 mps went against their constituencies in the article 50 vote
what do modern liberals think of freedom
positive freedom in the sense of personal development and human flourishing
when did neoliberalism emerge
1970s influential of 1980s government
describe negative freedom
the areas within which man can act unobstructed by others
Locke: “the state has no business interfering in matters of men’s souls”.
the principal threats to freedom stem from law (and therefore government) and physical constraint.
However, this freedom should be infringed upon to protect ‘natural rights’: life liberty and property. Classical liberals believe domestic order should be maintained through a police force and law courts: “where there is no law, there is no freedom” (Locke).
Such a view implies that freedom can be expanded most clearly by ‘rolling back’ state power and minimal social and economic intervention – opposition to paternalism.
Adam Smith argued that the market works according to the dictates of supply and demand, which are in term driven by self-interested individuals: the market should act in accordance with the invisible hand of individuals, not the dead hand of the state.
Therefore, for supporters of negative freedom, the state is at best a “night-watchman”.
consent
assent or permission in political s usually an agreement to be governed or rule
how have liberals supported democracy on the grounds of its protective function
citizens must have a means of protecting themselves from the encroachment of government offers an alternative to autocratic and absolutist systems, all powerful government for example, governments are accountable to propel through elections, they consent act as night watchman to protect against human nature LOCKE