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Politics Unit 3 ideologies > Liberalism > Flashcards

Liberalism Flashcards

0
Q

Divine right

A

The doctrine that a earthly rulers are chosen by God and thus wield unchallengeable authority; divine right is a defence for monarchical absolutism.

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1
Q

Feudalism

A

System of agrarian-based production that is characterised by fixed social hierarchies and a rigid pattern of obligations

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2
Q

Absolutism

A

A form of government in which political power is concentrated in the hands of a single individual or small group, in particular, an absolute monarchy.

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3
Q

Classical liberalism

A

A tradition within liberalism that seeks to maximise the realm of unconstrained individual action, typically by establishing a minimal state and a reliance on market economics.

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4
Q

Modern liberalism

A

A tradition within liberalism that provides (in contrast to classical liberalism) a qualified endorsement for social and economic intervention as a means of promoting personal development.

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5
Q

Enlightenment, The

A

And intellectual movement that reached its height in the 18th century and challenged traditional beliefs in religion, politics and learning in general in the name of reason and progress.

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6
Q

Atomism

A

A belief that society is made up of a collection of self interested and largely self-sufficient individuals, or atoms, rather than social groups.

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7
Q

Human nature

A

The essential and innate character of all human beings: what they owe to nature rather than to society

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8
Q

Freedom (or liberty)

A

The ability to think or act as one wishes, a capacity that can be associated with the individual, a social group or a nation

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9
Q

Negative freedom

A

The absence of external restrictions or constraints on the individual, allowing freedom of choice

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10
Q

Positive freedom

A

Self-mastery or self-realisation; the achievement of autonomy or the development of human capacities

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11
Q

Paternalism

A

Authority exercised from above for the guidance and support of those below, modelled on the relationship between fathers and children

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12
Q

Justice

A

A moral standard of fairness and impartiality; social justice is the notion of a fair or justifiable distribution of wealth and reward in society

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13
Q

Equality

A

The principle that human beings are of identical worth or are entitled to be treated in the same way; equality can have widely differing application

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14
Q

Meritocracy

A

Literally, ruled by those with merit, merit being intelligence plus effort; a society in which social position is determined exclusively by ability and hard work

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15
Q

Pluralism

A

A belief in diversity or choice, or the theory that political power is or should be widely and evenly dispersed

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16
Q

Toleration

A

Forbearance; a willingness to accept views or action with which one is in disagreement

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17
Q

Autonomy

A

Literally, self-government: the ability to control one’s own destiny by virtue of enjoying independence from external influences

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18
Q

Law

A

Established and public rules of social conduct, backed up by the machinery of the state and the police, courts and prisons

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19
Q

Government

A

Machinery through which collective decisions are made on behalf of the state, usually comprising of a legislature, executive and judiciary

20
Q

State

A

An association that establishes sovereign power within a defined territorial area, usually possessing a monopoly of coercive power

21
Q

Social contract

A

A (hypothetical) agreement amongst individuals through which they form a state in order to escape from the disorder and chaos of the ‘state of nature’

22
Q

State of nature

A

A pre-political society characterised by unrestrained freedom and the absence of established authority

23
Q

Democracy

A

Rule by the people; democracy implies both popular participation and government in the public interest, and can take a wide variety of

24
Q

Written Constitution

A

A single authoritative document that defines the duties, powers and functions of government institutions and so constitutes ‘higher’ law

25
Q

Bill of rights

A

A constitutional document that specifies the rights and freedoms of the individual and so defines the relationship between the state and its citizens

26
Q

Rule of law

A

The principle that all conduct and behaviour of private citizens and government officials, should conform to a framework of law

27
Q

Separation of powers

A

The principle that legislative, executive and judicial power should be separated through the construction of three independent branches of government

28
Q

Federalism

A

A territorial distribution of power based on the sharing of sovereignty between central (usually National) bodies and regional or provincial ones

29
Q

Civil liberty

A

The private sphere of existence, belonging to the citizen not to the state; freedom from government

30
Q

Civil society

A

A realm of autonomous associations and groups, formed by private citizens and enjoying independence from the government; civil society includes businesses, clubs, families and so on

31
Q

Natural rights

A

God-given rights that are fundamental to human beings and are therefore inalienable (they cannot be taken away)

32
Q

Utility

A

Use value; in economic’s, utility describes the satisfaction that is gained from the consumption of material goods and services

33
Q

Mercantilism

A

Is School of economic thought that emphasises the states role in managing international trade and delivering prosperity

34
Q

Market

A

A system of commercial exchange between buyers and sellers, controlled by impersonal economic forces: ‘market forces’

35
Q

Free market

A

The principle or policy of unfettered market competition, free from government interference

36
Q

Laissez-faire

A

Literally, ‘leave to do’; the doctrine that economic activity should be entirely free from government interference

37
Q

Market fundamentalism

A

Absolute faith in the market, reflecting the belief that the market mechanism offers solutions to all economic and social problems

38
Q

Individuality

A

Self-fulfilment achieved through the realisation of an individual’s distinctive or unique identity or qualities; that which distinguishes one person from all others

39
Q

Altruism

A

Concern for the interests and welfare of others, based either upon enlightened self-interest or a belief in a common humanity

40
Q

Welfare state

A

A state that takes primary responsibility for the social welfare of its citizens, discharged through a range of social security, health, education and other services

41
Q

Transnational Corporation

A

A company that controls economic activity in two or more countries, developing corporate strategies and processes that transcend national borders

42
Q

Commercial liberalism

A

A form of liberalism that emphasises the economic and international benefits of free trade, leading to mutual benefit and general prosperity, as well as a peace among states

43
Q

Free trade

A

A system of trade between states not restricted by tariffs or other forms of protectionism

44
Q

Republican liberalism

A

If all of liberalism that highlights the benefits of Republican government and, in particular, emphasises the link between democracy and peace

45
Q

Humanitarian intervention

A

Military intervention in the affairs of another state that is carried out in pursuit of humanitarian rather than strategic objectives

46
Q

Human development

A

A standard of human well-being that reflects people’s ability to lead fulfilled and creative lives, taking account of factors such as life expectancy, education, ecological sustainability and gender equality

47
Q

Constitutionalism

A 
Constitutionalism refers to the theory or practice of limited government brought about through either or both the existence of a constitution or a network of institutional checks and balances. 
I.e. the separation of powers, 
bicareralism, 
federalism 
and so on

Politics Unit 3 ideologies (16 decks)

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