Liberalism

Question 1

Locke

Answer 1

1. Individuals have natural rights - Life, liberty, property - Should be protected by nightwatchman state.
2. Government has to established by consent of the citizens (social contract)
3. Human nature is characterised by reason and tolerance

Question 2

Rousseau

Answer 2

1.Society should be ran according to the ‘general will’ within a framework of classical republicanism

Question 3

Jefferson

Answer 3

1. ‘Government is best which governs least’

2. Natural rights of ‘Life, Liberty and the pursuit of happiness’

Question 4

Mill

Answer 4

1. Harm principle - ‘Self-regarding actions’ should not be affected by the state
2. Individual is the best judge of his or her own interests

Question 5

Constant

Answer 5

1. ‘Individual liberty is the true modern liberty’

Question 6

Smith

Answer 6

1. ‘Invisible hand’ - The market will allocate resources - Author of ‘Wealth of Nations’

Question 7

Ricardo

Answer 7

1. One of Smith’s cronies, believes in absolute free market economics

Question 8

Paine

Answer 8

1. Advocated rights of the disadvantages (slaves and women) on the basis that they have natural rights

Question 9

Spencer/Sumner

Answer 9

1. Social Darwinist - ‘Survival of the fittest’ we should have the right to ‘live in the gutter’

Question 10

Bentham

Answer 10

1. Utilitarian - Individuals defined by desire for pleasure and wish to avoid pain calculated in terms of utility

Question 11

Berlin

Answer 11

1. Introduced the concepts of positive and negative liberty

Question 12

TH GREEN

Answer 12

1. Humans are not just self-seeking, also altruistic

2. Positive Liberty - Some state intervention is required to enhance liberty of the individual

Question 13

Gladstone

Answer 13

1. Promoted the widespread introduction of elementary education

Question 14

Beveridge

Answer 14

1. Free market could not deliver social justice

2. state must intervene to avoid the five giants of inequality - Want, Disease, Ignorance, Squalor and Idleness

Question 15

Rawls

Answer 15

1. Veil of ignorance theory

2. The state should provide a ‘safety net’ so that everybody has the same starting point

Question 16

Keynes

Answer 16

1. Economic stability through economic management could enhance freedom

Question 17

Hobhouse

Answer 17

1. Equality of opportunity provides the individual with more liberty than social Darwinism

Question 18

Hobson

Answer 18

1. The state should take on an ‘enabling role’

Question 19

Hayek

Answer 19

1. Social welfare and state regulation would produce a ‘new serfdom’

Question 20

Nozick

Answer 20

1. Nozick’s ideal state more minimal even than Locke’s Nightwatchman

Question 21

Keith Joseph

Answer 21

1. State creates a dependency culture which causes cycle of deprivation
2. Trickle down economics will cause wealth to trickle down from the rich to the poor
3. Strong law and order when reducing power of trade unions and privatising
4. Focus on the market rather than the individual