liberalism

Question 1

name 5 key scholars on liberalism and the year their main peace of work was published

Answer 1

Kant 1795, Woodrow wilson post ww1, Locke 1869, Sterling-Folker 2020, norman angell, 1910

Question 2

what was Kant’s contribution to liberalist theory

Answer 2

perpetual peace - how can we avoid war
- no secret peace treaties, no armies, respect sovereignty
how can we maintain peace - federation of free states to solve conflict, representative constitution

Question 3

what did woodrow wilson contribute to liberalism

Answer 3

• established the league of nations for collective security
• fourteen points called for open diplomacy, free trade and the LoN as a peacekeeping body

Question 4

what were locke’s main theories

Answer 4

• individuals are born with freedom and liberty
  -the state of nature, people are free and equal
• government is formed under a social contract but power is limited
• emphasize individual freedom, rule of law

Question 5

what were keohanes main contributions to neoliberalism

Answer 5

• anarchy is real but not all powerful
• peace is possible with the help of international interdependence
• states are rational and pursue absolute gains

Question 6

what did norman angell add

Answer 6

war is economically irrational

Question 7

what are the main point of classical liberalism

Answer 7

• universal human rights
• belief in the potential to create a peaceful world
• states act as an intermediary between people
• Kant and Locke

Question 8

what is a critique of classical liberalism

Answer 8

• overly idealistic
• do power or norms matter more to keep peace

Question 9

what are the main points of republican liberalism

Answer 9

• DPT, democracies don’t go to war
• republic governance prevents war because they are accountable to their people
• global and domestic institutional constraints prevent rash military action

Question 10

what are limitations of republican liberalism

Answer 10

• early democracies still engaged in imperialism
• does this apply beyond the west

Question 11

what are the main points of commercial liberalism

Answer 11

• liberalism is fostered through economic interdependence (angell), globalization
• creation of global economic institutions (EEC)
• Capitalist peace theory (Gartze) businesses prefer stability over war

Question 12

what are some limitations to commercial liberalism

Answer 12

• asymmetric dependence, one side relies on he trade more than the other
• some states prioritise economic rivalry over interdependence

Question 13

what are the main focuses of neoliberalism/ institutionalism

Answer 13

• sees states as rational actors seeking to maximise interest in unified goals
• focus on international institutions and how these promote and manage peace relations (provide info, monitor, reduce transaction costs)
• anarchy exists but cooperation is possible
• complex interdependence (multiple channels connect states, no clear hierarchy of issues)

Question 14

what are some limitations of neoliberalism

Answer 14

• greater interdependence leads to greater financial crisis
• wealth and power becomes concentrated in the hands of elites (leaders of international institutions)
• erosion of democracy ( key decisions are made by WTO, IMF who are not democratically elected