LIBERALISM Flashcards
how do liberals disagree + agree over the state - 3 point essay plan:
disagree:
- disagree on role of the state in the economy
- disagree on how the state protects individualism and freedom
- disagree on the fundamental size and role of the state
- attitude toward state
agree:
- agree on the fundamental presence of the state
- state is a necessary evil
- state can only be formed using the social contract theory
beliefs of Wollstonecraft on the state
- belief that the state should increase access to education - expansive, enabling state to allow for equality and for women to have access to an institution to undo social barriers
- the state can provide freedom to women through education
- promote a more enabling state to promote broader educational
provisions - the state should be limited by a social contract to protect rights and liberties
what do liberal views of the state expose about liberal attitudes to the state
- political authority comes from the people, not from above
- the government can only be created by the people and is therefore accountable to the people
- the government and state should only serve the interests of the people
- the individual is more important than society - overarching individualism (the state is only there to maximise freedom and individualism)
- there are no fixed social structures in society - individuals should be able to rise and fall according to their merit
beliefs of Locke on human nature (CLASSIC LIBERAL)
- human nature is to respect and tolerate the views of other people - do not force people to adopt a specific view
- humans are individualists, meaning they should act as they see fit to secure and pursue their own aims / goals
- humans are rational beings - reason teaches mankind about justice
- people are rational enough to take the best means to secure their own goals
- power is with the people - under the social contract theory, if the people no longer consent to the government’s continued abuse of power, they can make a new one
- humans are self-reliant and self-sufficient
beliefs of Rawls on the state
- the state should provide institutions which promote liberty and can create a fair and just society
- the state should provide a CONSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK in society to enhance liberty
- the state should be a neutral arbiter
- using the state for welfare is key to create a free society
- promote political participation
- state has a duty to redistribute wealth to allow for equality of opportunity
- much larger, interventionist state to maximise the opportunities of individuals
- the state is a guarantor of individual liberty, not a threat
- state should introduce fundamental programmes to narrow the inequality gap everyone has the equal capabilities to be a contributing member of society
- enabling state
give the 6 primary values all liberals believe in
- individualism
- self sovereignty
- making decisions in your own interest
- individuals know what is best for themselves
- individuals should be safeguarded from others - freedom
- society should maximise individual freedom
- individual liberty should not be infringed or violated - state
- the state is a necessary evil to keep order yet could restrict liberty
- believe in a social contract theory - economy
- promotion and protection of private property
- capitalism - rationalism
- liberals base opinion and actions on reason rather than belief
- experience provides knowledge - foundational equality
- people are all equally worthy of respect
quotes for rawls
- “justice is the virtue of social institutions”
- “what is just and unjust is the way that institutions deal with these facts”
- “each person is to have an equal right to the most extensive liberty compatible with similar liberty for othera”
give the 3 secondary values of liberals and explain each
- toleration
- a liberal willingness to accept views and actions which you may disagree with
- humans should have the freedom to believe in what they want (individualism) - a liberal fear of power of the state
- idea of a strict social contract theory to maximise individual freedom - formal equality
- people being entitled to legal and political equality
beliefs of Locke on the economy
- protection of private property to enlarge individual freedom using labour
- someone’s labour belongs to them to create goods which belong to them
- meritocratic economy - wants to reward industriousness and investing in labour - laissez faire, free market economy
- your labour is yours - when you mix your labour with something, it becomes yours
beliefs of Friedan on the state
- the state should have a more enabling function to support sections of society (like women) who were systematically supressed
- believes in a more active, involved, expansive and enabling state to enforce equality of opportunity through welfare provisions to expand individual freedoms
- state intervention to promote equal rights - positive interpretation of liberty
- society needs support from the state in order to promote a meritocratic society
describe the shift in the liberal view of democracy
before:
- democracy was an enemy of individual liberty, because democracy groups together individuals as a collection, thereby silencing different opinions and opposing interests, so the wishes of the individual are ignored
- felt that a majority would oppress a minority - tyranny of the majority
- democracy would overthrow any form of a civilised society, because politicians would disenfranchise the illiterate and would not represent those they choose to represent
now:
- social contract theory - democracy is supported, given it allows people to protect themselves from government and elect those who make laws
- promote citizen participation in political life to enhance personal development - debating and discussing makes democracy valuable (much more of an open interpretation to democracy(
how do classical and modern liberals differ on the state
*wider discussion on STATE, SOCIETY and the ECONOMY
classical liberals:
- the state has potential for evil and tyranny = limited / minimal gov intervention to prevent individual rights from being abused
- idea of a NIGHTWATCHMAN state - defend borders, ensure law and order and uphold contracts
- fear of the state
- EGOISTICAL INDIVIDUALISM + NEGATIVE FREEDOM = small state to enable
- individuals should have the sovereignty to manage themselves - link to HARM PRINCIPLE
- more evil than necessary
- feel that the state erodes individual liberty
- emphasis on the fact that taxation creates a dependency culture which erodes the concept of a meritocracy and is a burden on working class individuals
modern liberals:
- concept of DEVELOPMENTAL INDIVIDUALISM and an EXPANSIVE WELFARE STATE
- the state should help people to be healthy to enhance productivity
- the state is a body to enable individuals to flourish and have a free life - promote positive freedom + strong social institutions
- state has a responsibility to help the disadvantaged achieve equality of opportunity - DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE
- more necessary than evil - duty to protect citizens
- links to equality of opportunity = basic welfare infrastructure to protect
- maximise individual potential through providing basic welfare support - mixed economy
- the state has a duty to provide (through basic welfare) to protect / enshrine freedom
- ENABLING STATE
what are the minimal functions of the state
- maintain public order - which maximises individual rights and freedoms
- defend the country
- enforce contracts
how do classical and modern liberals differ on freedom
*wider discussion on SOCIETY, HUMAN NATURE and the ECONOMY
classical liberals:
- promote NEGATIVE FREEDOM and support the freedom from interference - NO ASSISTANCE
- unrestricted freedom - support freedom being maximised and not compromised
- view those who restrict their freedom as those who burden their rights - feel that any government compromises their freedom = limited government
- individual must have the freedom to pursue their own view
- reinforces the harm principle
modern liberals:
- promote POSITIVE FREEDOM AND NEGATIVE FREEDOM
- promote individual flourishing
- support ideas of helping people to help themselves / be free - assistance needed to maximise freedom
- propose a much more developed notion of freedom, such as a welfare state because they believe this enhances freedom
- dealing with restrictions on freedom can help to enhance freedom - help people help themselves
- idea of distributive justice
- freedom is defined as the ability to achieve individuality and individualism - attain skills etc
beliefs of Friedan on society
- emphasis on foundational and formal equality
- promotes developmental individualism and positive freedom to help people pursue their own aims
- women are insufficiently free in society
- society should advocate for equality of opportunity to allow women to thrive in society and allow women to feel fulfilled (FEMININE MYSTIQUE - social view of female fulfillment)
- society has a paternalistic culture which should be eroded for women not have their lives dictated for them
- society imposes a ‘problem without a name’ on women and imposes a double burden on them
- society should assist developmental individualism through positive freedom and providing equal opportunities for women to excel beyond the domestic sphere
- society’s ability to entrench expectations on females which do not satisfy them convince women away from using their own rationality
- supports legal equality for women which should be furthered into equality of opportunity (MIRRORS RAWLS)
- social norms stifle free choice liberty and individualism
beliefs of Mill on society
- belief that individuality can create a healthy society (freedom and individualism are at the heart of society)
- the HARM PRINCIPLE
- believes that society should be divided based on knowledge, with those who have more knowledge having more votes - those with more political wisdom should have more votes to prevent the amplification of narrow interests and representation of all
- individuality will eradicate any potential for social tyranny which leads to the conformity of ideas
- fear of the tyranny of the majority - therefore important that all ideas are amplified (including minority opinions)
- pluralism and tolerance will create a vibrant society and enhance individual freedoms - no oppression - freedom of speech / expression
- society should orientate around negative liberty
- society is naturally a collection of individuals who pursue their own good
- all individuals in society are equally valuable
- tolerance = enrich society
- utilitarianism - idea that you should do what brings the greatest good for the greatest number of people
- society is a collectivist body and is built around interdependence - it is a social duty to help those around you -
- society is a network / web - if someone is at risk of harming someone else they must control themselves to prevent corruption - minimise harm to the maximum number of people
liberal views on the role of the state in the economy
- supportive of capitalism because it enhances individual liberty / individualism and promotes competition and efficiency
- support the creation of a meritocracy — individual, rational economic choices and dictate their own path
- individuals should use their labour to create goods and property which belong to them, given that liberals believe that ownership is fundamental to human existence
- minimal gov intervention encourages rational economic decisions
- liberals believe in the supreme importance of FREE CHOICE
- inequality will incentivise individuals to work harder
- purely to secure property and enforce contracts
- private property
quotes for freidan
- “the problem with no name”
- “she was afraid to ask even of herself the silence question… is this all”
- “dissatisfaction… a yearning that women suffered”
- “preventing them from achieving the maturity of which they are capable”
- “denies women’s adult human identity”
- “the only way for a woman…to find herslef, is by creative work of her own”
- “the key to the trap is education”
beliefs of Wollstonecraft on society
- equality of opportunity to pursue what you want and foundational equality
- society should aid the emancipation of women
- society should be based on equality, and opportunity
- society must rid women of the web of false expectations which make society less cohesive
- society should provide women with the opportunity to defend their basic rights
- society should promote this individuality of women, to distance themselves from entrenched social expectations
- society has created a level of blind obedience
- idea of LIBERAL FEMINISM
define distributive justice
- Resources should be fairly allocated among members of a community to ensure equality of opportunity
how do liberals disagree + agree over equality - 3 point essay plan:
agree:
- support foundational equality - idea that all humans are of equal moral worth
- support formal equality - idea of having access to legal and political rights
- support the idea of having equality of opportunity in society - not how it is practiced
disagree:
- disagree on the extent of equality of opportunity in society - ie gov involvement v minimal
- Disagree on how society should be organised to accommodate maximum individual freedom
how do classical and modern liberals differ on the economy
*wider discussion on SOCIETY, STATE and the ECONOMY
classical liberals:
- free market and laissez faire capitalist structure
- government should not interfere in the economy because it will upset the balance of the market
- promote a self regulating market
- ALLOCATIVE EFFICIENCY
- markets are all inter-related - humans are rational enough to make free, economic devisions
- lack of government intervention = efficiency / prosperity
- market is flexible, it can adequately respond to these demands and changes
- the market should operate according to the decisions of free individuals, not the government
- unrestrained making of profit will later benefit society as a whole
- the market is operating according to an ‘invisible hand’ which promotes harmony despite different social interests
modern liberals:
- government intervention in the market
- KEYNESIAN ECONOMIC ideas
- higher taxation and economic policies - allow for the re-distribution of wealth and employment
- focus on mitigating inequality and stabilising the economy
- feel that a self-regulating market lacks stability
- government intervention can enhance productivity
- gov intervention leads to employment
- DEVELOPMENTAL INDIVIDUALISM AND POSITIVE FREEDOM - supported, economically, to achieve their potential
- interventionist policies can guarantee individual prosperity
give the 3 tertiary values of liberals and explain each
- liberal democracy and a limited government
- concerns that the state has excessive power which infringes on individual freedoms and promotes a tyranny
- a liberal democracy ensures a government is in place which promotes toleration
- a limited government supports the liberal fear of power - equality of opportunity
- equality in having equal opportunities for equal outcome
- maximising potential - role of the state in the economy
- the state promoting ideas of a meritocracy and capitalism
- emphasis on contract and property rights
- freedom to make individual economic choices (individualism)
- liberals are rational enough to make economic decisions
liberal views on rationalism
- humans are guided by reason and can make interests which best suit them - idea of individualism
- individuals are rational enough to bring individual self-development and wider change which allows reason to be used to bring change instead of violence
- reason and rationalism is a source of authority and legitimacy and stipulates that every rational individual is the best judge of their own interests and should be free to exercise this rationalism
- believe that freedom allows rational economic choices to be made because progress can be made through rational thought
- belief that all humans have reason and logic and should have the freedom to exercise this