CONSERVATISM Flashcards
similarities between conservatives over the state
- presence of the state / its function
- all conservatives believe in the presence of the state to be strong in order to promote social order and cohesion, and limit social fragmentation
- the presence of the state will enlarge freedom overall
- humans need the state to restrict them
what did the new right develop out of
- out of the lack of growth in the economy and inflation
- felt the need to adapt to the economic crisis because the idea of ‘consensus politics’ was not working
views of hobbs on society
- society requires formal authority to prevent a descent into a state of nature
- society cannot be civil without a state (reinforces the naturally chaotic society)
- any form of social order and authority is better than none - fragility of society
- society will form a social contract with the state, in order to have legitimacy and prevent this violence and chaos
- society has an obligation to the state in order to prevent anarchy
- society is naturally chaotic, violence and a state of nature - a sovereign state will hinder this and impose order
- an ordered society will allow for a free life bc ppl sacrificed for a sovereign
- there is no natural hierarchy in society, the state is the hierarchy
what is social conservatism
- the individual is a part of social groups which provides security and a meaning to life
- society is made from a network of relationships
- these relationships can only be maintained by duty, traditionalism and the state
- social conservatism erodes selfish individualism
describe general conservative views of the economy
- support of a capitalist economic system to defend inequality and hierarchy
- risk and innovation not order and stability
- some state intervention in the economy to provide a traditionalist and paternal lens
- defence of property
- property reflects merit and provides protection
- impose protectionist policies through tariffs and duties
- the state should manage market forces to promote full employment and therefore social order
- not so much a fan of laissez-faire economics, because this is too optimistic of market forces
give the 2 theories of paternalism
hard paternalism = the elite decide what is best, irrespective of what the majority wants
soft paternalism = power is with the elite, but the decisions of the elite must have the consultation of the non elite
neoliberal views of society
- society needs a strong authority figure to bring stability and enforce control - tough stance on law and order
- however, promotes a more individualist society to maximise motivation, so society should not be focused on community values
- atomistic society - society should orientate around the individual in order to maximise and preserve their liberty
- society is purely a product of the individual and self-interested individuals
- pursuit of this notion of negative freedom - there should be minimal constrains on individual action (society is potentially a restraint)
views of nozick on the economy
- libertarianism - individuals should be left alone economically
- culture of meritocracy and productivity
- minimal welfare = negative freedom
- welfare causes disadvantages
- control state spending
- minimal income redistribution because it creates a dependency culture and does not incentivise people to work
- deregulation
- privatization of public services, competition, reduce state
- belief that tax is theft - consent?
- a free market economy will bring a vibrant and prosperous sociery
- maintaining property rights because it enhances individualism
- reduced rights of trade unions because they disrupt a market balance
differences between conservatives over the state
- difference between the size of the state
neolibs = minimal gov intervention to preserve freedom and enhance individualism
one nation = large, expansive state to act as a safety net and help the vulnerable (housing + factory act)
traditional cons = the state gives people rights vs neolibs = the state harms people’s rights
- hobbes = minimal, life, lib, prop and agree with rand - difference over the state in the economy
neolibs = minimal gov intervention in the economy through a welfare state because this promotes a dependency culture and inhibits individual economic freedom - laissez faire economic approach - neocons agree - interpretations and attitudes to the state
neolibs = negatively view the state, deem it as coercive
one nation = positively view the state as an institution to protect and provide for the vulnerable in society - paternalistic view
traditional cons = view the state as an institution to rid humans of their corruptible human nature - state = empirical or normative / pragmatic or ideological
- is there a clear principle to adhere to?
- idea of pragmatism, focus on the now
- new right = ideologically driven end goal
- condemn theory and idealism (burke)
views of burke on society
- society is a partnership between those living, dead and born
- enhancing and using tradition to expand freedom and guide change
- supports a hierarchy by the “wiser, stronger and more opulent” to impose social order
- upper classes have a duty to lower classes (paternalism)
- society from french rev was unrealistic and utopian
- belief in an organic society, which upholds tradition using a hierarchy
- change to conserve- but must be cautious and organic
- change must be based on empiricism, not idealism
- desirable ruling class for order and tradition, but this class must be representative, or rev occurs (which would undermine tradition / stability)
- society of small platoons and small communities - idea of localism and tight knit communities
- platoons BIND society
- intellectual elite
differences between conservatives over society
- disagreement over nature of society
- organicism, paternalism, respect for tradition, change to conserve, helping out others in society
- neoliberals believe in an atomistic society, in which society is the product of individuals - society must orientate around the individual and serve to their interests
- thatcher = no such thing as society
- one nation conservatives and traditional conservatives believe individuals are the product of society vs new right = they are society - idea of empiricism
- psychology v ideology point - no destination, pragmatism in society
- gap between oakeshott and nozick
- empirical or normative - agreement on property
- hierarchy, inequality
- individual merit and power
- bring stability and security - community stances
- neoliberals consistently support this idea that there should be less emphasis on social responsibility and community values, because the individual should be left to their own devices
- other conservatives believe that social responsibility and cohesion are key for enforcing unity and achieving cohesiveness
- ie burke’s platoons
similarities between conservatives over society
- hierarchy
- concept of noblesse oblige - the rich have a duty to help those who are less privileged in society to further their cause and help them develop
- society should orientate around traditional ideas because they are proven to have worked
- notion of leadership and authority - change to conserve / nature of social change
- society must change and adapt to preserve itself
- there is an underlying commitment to traditional values, because these values enforce social stability - organicism of society
- society is an organic institution
- most conservatives (aside from neoliberals) support this idea of a collective society to promote social cohesion - operation of society
- decide that society should operate by having tough stances on law and order
- this will introduce social stability and prevent chaos / fragmentation
- strong social forces and strong leaders should be used to implement this
one nation views of the economy
- believe in a free market economy
- suspicious of capitalism because it cannot be controlled, and because it widens the wealth gap, which will undermine social order and trigger revolution (capitalism threatens unity)
- but they do practice capitalism
- believe in a welfare state, but a mixed economy
- state ownership of some industry
- will attempt to maximise full employment
- defence of private property
- economic policy should be flexible to support change (change to conserve), but moderate to prevent revolution and undermining social order
- compassionate conservatism - ownership, property and regulation
2 phrases to describe conservatism
- change to conserve
- doctrine of maintenance
*NOT REACTIONARY - pragmatic
views of hobbs on the state
- individual rights depend entirely on law and order, only the state can provide this law, security and order (its fundamental purpose)
- requirement of government by consent
- state prevents a ‘state of nature’ which would impose self-interest
- state must be rationally created by a contract between government and governed
- authority must be imposed to prevent envy between individuals, but without a state, there would be uncertainty and war
- citizens have an obligation to respect the state, or they will fall into a state of nature
- any system of rule is better than none, bc it provides security + stability (preservation of traditional values)
- defends an absolutist government if it will prevent anarchy
- the state is accountable to people, its authority is from the people
- THE STATE IS THERE TO IMPOSE LAW AND ORDER, THAT IS ITS ONLY PURPOSE
- without formal equality, life is “nasty, brutish and short”
describe conservative views on property
- property shows your success
- provides stability and security (in an unpredictable world), as people will respect individual property and aspire to have this, which will promote law and order
- property is often inherited, and is therefore a connection between generations
- those with property should help the poor to prevent revolution
what is judeo-christian morality
- the notion of following social norms and expectations of marriage, self-contained families and being accountable for yourself
- support ideas of altruism and compassion to bind individuals together and eradicate imperfection
views of burke on the state
- the state should consist of an elite to impose a hierarchy, and use tradition and fact to guide change
- state must preserve traditional institutions, bc we know they work
- the state is only there for law and order, none else - strong state
- change must be cautious and organic
- must rule in the interests of all individuals to prevent revolution and introduce organic / normal change
describe the notion of hierarchy
- imperfection of human nature allows for inequalities within human nature
- those with more experience and who are more ‘wise’ will form a hierarchy
- conservatives do not desire equality of status and power, their imperfection needs leadership from small groups of individuals
- idea of noblesse oblige, and that the hierarchy allows for notions of paternalism
describe organicism and empiricism
organicism = society should be unplanned + evolve naturally
- society should have roots, but the way in which it grows and develops are unpredictable
empiricism = social change must be based on data and evidence, NOT theory
neoliberal views of the economy
- minimal welfare state - dependency culture / small state
- laissez faire economic policies - the government and intervention causes decline - flexibility, freedom and economic vibrancy
- controlled spending - a lower welfare state will lower spending and debt
- small welfare state to ensure people do not feel economically constricted
- believe in constant economic growth, inflation threatens social order
- lower taxation, lower spending and privatization
- distrust the state with their money (“theft”)
- capitalism = defend individual wealth
- your responsibility to fix your economic issues - individualist mindset
- deregulation - challenge keynesian structures
- response to control and mitigate inflation
- property is a mechanism for you to resist coercive state power
- break the power of trade unions
traditional conservative views of human nature
- humans gravitate to the safe and familiar because they are security seeking, and therefore their behaviour is predictable - they repel from the unknown because it is not stable
- humans are cautious, and therefore support slow, gradual change which preserve what they already know (because it works), over large-scale revolutionary change
- respect and preservation of tradition (do not try to fix unnecessary things)
- humans are dependent on one another, because they are intellectually limited and imperfect
- therefore, humans lack the rationality to make smart decisions, and need a parental figure to assist them in doing this
- humans are corrupt and greedy, needing a wider presence to reign humans in - therefore the hierarchy, state etc are needed todo this
neoconservative views of the state
- minimal state, but should be strong in order to preserve freedom and social stability, prevent social fragmentation
- state must restore order
- the state should not expand its authority more than needed, and should adequately promote democracy
- the state should bind society together and promote an insular culture, and todo so, must be tough on law, order and immigration
- the state should restore public order, family values and identity
- sceptical of the EU
what to talk about when discussing the state
- a nation state
- a ruling class - elitism
- intervention in the economy
- intervention in society - authority and order
- origins of the state in terms of organicism (don’t like theory)