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Politics- Paper 1 > Liberalism > Flashcards

Liberalism Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two strands?

A

Classic and Liberal

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2
Q

What are the 6 key ideas?

A

Individualism, rationalism, equality, liberal democracy, freedom, mechanistic state

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3
Q

What do classic liberals believe in terms of individualism?

A

Egotistical individualism- little state intervention, self-reliance

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4
Q

What do Modern liberals believe in terms of individualism?

A

Developmental individualism- people’s circumstances affect opportunities, interventionist state can guarantee freedoms, hand ups

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5
Q

Who is sovereign in a liberal society?

A

The individual

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6
Q

What state do classic liberals believe in?

A

Minimal Night watchmen state- laissez-faire, little to no intervention

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7
Q

What state do modern liberals believe in?

A

Enabling state- promote opportunity, creates conditions where people can help themselves

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8
Q

What are the different views on taxation?

A

CL- taxation is an infringement on freedom. ML- taxation is a key process for positive freedom

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9
Q

What is the general view of how the economy should run? How do strands slightly differ?

A

Capitalism CL- free market ML- keynesianism

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10
Q

What does freedom rely on?

A

Social contract, limited govt, harm principle, constitution, rule of law

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11
Q

What do liberals reject when thinking about power?

A

Absolute monarch/state power and arbitrary use of power

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12
Q

What are the two different types of freedom? Who thinks what?

A

CL- Negative freedom (free from state interference) ML- positive freedom (freedom to do something with state support- social mobility)

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13
Q

What is a liberal democracy?

A

A type of democracy where there is an emphasis on the protection of individual rights and liberties, where the rule of law is strictly adhered to and where government is trusted via social contract and have little intervention

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14
Q

Do classic liberals believe in universal suffrage?

A

No- fear of tyranny of the majority

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15
Q

What are some reasons for differing views?

A

Historical context, religion, sex, class, theory vs practice, starting point vs outcome

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16
Q

What do all liberals think about equality?

A

Should be foundation and formal equality, everyone should be treated impartially and fairly

17
Q

What do modern liberals believe about equality?

A

There should be equality of opportunity

18
Q

What did Classic liberals ignore when it came to equality?

A

Gender and racial inequalities

19
Q

What do liberals think about rationalism?

A

Positive view of humans, humans are rational and capable of logic and reason. Have free will (rejects religious determination)

20
Q

What type of society do classic liberals believe in?

A

Atomistic/ meritocracy

21
Q

Name the key thinkers.

A

Locke, Wollstonecraft, Mill, Friedan, Rawls

22
Q

Who did Locke believe the Govt should serve?

A

The people

23
Q

Who did Locke mainly express the views of?

A

Property owning men

24
Q

What were some of Locke’s key beliefs?

A

Social contract, states need to protect natural rights and liberties, law makers should be separated from law enforcers

25
Q

What did Wollstonecraft believe women not having the vote violated?

A

Government by consent

26
Q

What did Wollstonecraft argue?

A

Women were denied individual freedom and formal equality, formal education should be available to everyone, men cause women to be seen as inferior by subjugating them

27
Q

What ideas did Mill create?

A

Harm principle and negative freedom

28
Q

What is the harm principle?

A

You have absolute freedom to do what you please, so long as it doesn’t harm others or interfere with their rights

29
Q

What did Mill divide human actions into?

A

Self-regarding and other-regarding (other harmed freedom of others)

30
Q

What did Friedan set up?

A

National Organisation for Women

31
Q

What did Friedan believe?

A

Women were held back, should be rejection of oppressive laws and views, wanted wider opportunities for women, level playing field

32
Q

How did Friedan want to achieve her ideas?

A

By making reforms to the existing structure of society

33
Q

What did Rawls believe?

A

Should be minimum financial disparity, individual freedom without excessive inequality, there’ll always be inequality but should be small, wanted poorest members of society to be economically independent

34
Q

What is the difference principle? Who made it?

A

Enjoy as much freedom as possible as long as it’s not at the expense of others. Rawls

35
Q

What is the veil of ignorance?

A

Rawls’s idea that people will develop fair principles of distribution only if they are ignorant of their position in society, so in order to get objective judgments, the decision makers must not know how the decision would affect them.

Politics- Paper 1 (7 decks)

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