liberalism Flashcards

1
Q

what does Locke say about the necessity of the state?

A
  • “Where there is no law, there is no freedom”
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2
Q

what does john locke say about human nature?

A
  • “The law of nature is reason”
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3
Q

what does john locke say it the role of the state?

A

the state is a “nightwatchman”
- the role of the state is to enforce contracts, maintain order and defend against attack

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4
Q

what does john locke say are the natural rights?

A

life, liberty and property

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5
Q

how did john locke believe a government should form?

A
  • individuals give up some rights to the state in return for protection of freedoms
  • the state should form from the bottom up, with consent from the people
  • if thr government breaks the ‘contract’ individuals have the right to revolt
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6
Q

what did mary wollstonecraft say about the rationality of women?

A
  • “The mind has no gender” - foundational eqality
  • placed an emphasis on the potential for education to aid in women’s development
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7
Q

explain john rawls idea of the veil of ignorance and the polies that emerged from it.

A

– under the “veil of ignorance” assumes individuals are rational and risk avoidant
- “Each person has the right to the most extensive form of liberties compatible with liberties for all”
- difference principle: some inequalities are justified if they are “of the greatest benefit to the least advantaged”

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8
Q

what did john stuart mill argue was the only justification for restirctions on freedom?

A
  • the harm principle: freedom could only be restrictied if it was imposing harm on others
  • “Over his mind and body the individual is sovereign”
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9
Q

what did john stuart mill say about human development

A
  • there are “higher and lower pleasures”
  • man would rather be “Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied”
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10
Q

how did john stuart mill believe conflicts would be resolved?

A

through a “market place of ideas”

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11
Q

what did betty friedan argue was “the problem with no name”

A
  • “The feminine mystique” was stifling women’s development
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12
Q

what did TH green say about negative freedom?

A
  • “Negative freedom is the freedom to starve”
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13
Q

Jeremy Bentham

A
  • believed in utilitarianism: ‘the greatest happiness for the greatest number’
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14
Q

what did jeremy bentham say about the idea of natural rights?

A

called natural rights “nonsense on stilts”

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15
Q

what does lord acton say about power? and what implications does this have for the structure of government?

A
  • “power corrupts and absolute power corrupts absolutely”
  • govervnment must be limited through a constitution, seperation of powers and democracy
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16
Q

what does samuel smiles say about state aid to individuals?

A
  • “Heaven helps those who help themselves”
17
Q

what limits on freedom are proposed and by who

A
  • js mill harm principle
  • John Rawls equal liberties for all: one person’s freedom should not infringe upon another
18
Q

what did Montesquieu say about the separation of powers

A

“power should check the power”

19
Q

what does Thomas Jefferson say are the natural rights and what are the characteristics of natural rights?

A
  • rights are “inalienable”
  • natural rights are “life liberty and the pursuit of happiness”
20
Q

how did isiah berlin make a distinction between liberties?

A
  • ‘negative’ vs ‘positive’ freedom
21
Q

which thinker advocated social darwinism?

A

Herbert Spencer

22
Q

what did mill say about tolerance?

A

mankind would be no more justified in silencing that one person, than he, if he had the power, would be in silencing manking

23
Q

what did J.S mill say about democracy?

A
  • said democracy was the “highest and most harmonious development of human capacities”