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Italy; 1911-46 > Liberal Italy Background > Flashcards

Liberal Italy Background Flashcards

1
Q

What period of time does liberal Italy generally refer to?

A

1870-1922

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2
Q

What did the governmental system of liberal Italy resemble?

A

no established liberal political parties, just many rapidly changing coalition governments

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3
Q

What did Italian liberals generally believe in?

A
  • free democratic elections
  • freedom of press
  • the right to private property
  • freedom of religion
  • support free trade
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4
Q

What is ‘risorgimento’?

A

movement to unite Italy through national identity (never really achieved)

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5
Q

What was liberal Italy generally characterised by, despite its ideals?

A
  • corruption
  • economic problems
  • social discontent
  • lack of political development
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6
Q

How were the Italian socialists organised?

A

PSI
- Partio Socialista Italiano
- founded in 1892
- led by Filippo Turati

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7
Q

Was the PSI popular? Statistics

A

Increasingly popular
- 1900 elections; PSI gained 32/508 deputies
- 1913; PSI gained 1/4 of the vote, 79/508 deputies

  • 1902, 250,000 industrial workers joined socialist national federations + more strikes for higher wages
  • 1910, 218,000 Italians joined socialist agricultural cooperatives
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8
Q

Why was the socialism increasing in popularity?

A
  • mass internal migration; increase in population of major northern cities
    –> Milan doubled in size 1880-1914
    = socialism was a means for working class advancement
  • PSI supported by intellectuals who had lost faith in the liberals to achieve ‘Risorgimento’ (corruption, widening class gap)
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9
Q

How did Giolitti deal with the popularity of the PSI?

A
  • main focus of Giolitti’s 1911 programme
  • ‘trasformismo’
    –> absorbed socialist deputies by offering a range of social reforms
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10
Q

What social reforms did Giolitti implement to absorb socialist deputies?

A
  • 1898, non-compulsory national insurance fund for health and old age
  • 1898, compulsory accident insurance in industrial work paid for by employer
  • 1901, banned employment of children under 12
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11
Q

How successful was Giolitti’s attempt to win over the PSI by offering moderate social reforms?

A
  • appeased moderate socialists willing to work with Giolitti for gradual change (eg. Turati)
  • did not please marxists who believed in revolution
  • antagonised the nationalists and the Catholics
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12
Q

What political influence did the Catholic Church have?

A
  • 1909, Pope encouraged Italians to vote in 150 constituencies where socialists could win
  • 1911 youth movements + sports clubs = considerable sway over popular vote (especially in the north)
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13
Q

How did Giolitti deal with the popularity of the Catholic Church?

A
  • offered some concessions in return for support
    –> 1904, ensured a divorce bill did not pass and promoted Catholic interests (eg. education)
  • YET unwilling to establish stronger links to the church
    –> not prepared to give Pope concession on Roman territory = ‘Roman Question’ unsolved
    –> prioritised PSI as wanted workers to support the liberal state
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14
Q

What did Italian nationalists believe in?

A
  • antisocial and antiliberal
  • expand Italy’s power in Africa
  • claim ‘irredente’ lands
  • assert Italy as a world power
    –> aggressive foreign policy
  • unite different classes through patriotism
  • thought liberal values encouraged selfishness
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15
Q

How were the Italian nationalists organised?

A

ANI
- Associazione Nazionalista Italiana
- founded in 1910
- led by Enrico Corradini
- brought together different currents of nationalism

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16
Q

Why did nationalism in Italy gain popularity towards the beginning of the 10th century?

A
  • supposed failure of ‘risorgimento’
  • humiliating defeat at The Battle of Adwa
  • Italy’s weakness as a world power
  • shame of millions Italians leaving abroad for a better life
17
Q

How did Giolitti deal with the popularity of nationalism?

A
  • difficult to deal with as refused to work with the government (corrupt, wanted to overthrow)
  • First attempted to boost support through a liberal program of reform + economic modernisation
    –> failed to halt nationalism’s popularity
  • 1911 invaded Libya = attempt to embrace nationalism by expanding Italy’s African Empire
18
Q

When was the invasion of Libya?

A

29th September 1911 - Italy invaded Libya
= began war with Ottoman Empire over Libya
8th October 1911- Ottomans surrendered control of Libya to the Italians

19
Q

How did different groups react to the Italian invasion of Libya?

A
  • Nationalists supported
    –> too
  • Catholic Church supported as financial interests in Libya
20
Q

How did different groups react to the Italian invasion of Libya?

A
  • Nationalists supported
    –> took credit for pressuring Giolitti = increased their own support
    –> blamed high casualties on weaknesses of liberal government
  • Catholic Church supported as financial interests in Libya
  • some socialist leaders supported, eg. Bissolatti
21
Q

How did Giolitti prepare for the invasion of Libya?

A

1902, signed deal with France
- she would support Italy taking Libya in return for Italy supporting France in taking Morocco
–> Giolitti feared France would break the deal and take Libya for herself, Italy could not afford another humiliation as with Tunisia

22
Q

When was Italy unified?

A

1870

23
Q

campanilismo

A

feeling of pride and belonging to place of birth, not country

24
Q

What language was spoken in Italy?

A

local dialects = couldn’t understand each other
- Florencian dialect = official dialect

25
Q

What was the North-South divide?

A

Question Meridionale - why was the south so much poorer than the north?
- No PM ever visited the south
- North was rapidly industrialising
–> Lancia, Fiat, Alfa Romeo factories all founded in the north
- south remained poor agricultural area
–> 1 million Sicilians migrated to America
–> lots of cholera and malaria in south

26
Q

What social problems developed from the economic growth in northern Italy?

A

extreme economic expansion and industrialisation in north, YET poor living and working conditions remained
–> 1901-1911, 350,000 workers involved in striking

Italy; 1911-46 (13 decks)

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