LG 7.2 - Into to Lab Tests Flashcards
<p>What is a CMP? What type of sample does it take? What does it examine?
</p>
- Complete (Comprehensive) Metabolic Panel
- Venous serum
- Examines overall body metabolism:
Kidney function
Acid/Base balance
Blood sugar
Electrolytes
Liver function</p>
Define each of the components of a CMP.
Electrolytes: - Glucose - Sodium - Potassium - Calcium - Chloride - Carbon Dioxide Kidney: - Creatinine - Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) Liver: - Albumin - Total protein - Total bilirubin - Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) - Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) - Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)
What is the significance of glucose in the body? What will measuring glucose levels in the blood tell you?
- Glucose is a carbohydrate and is a major source of fuel for cells.
- Measuring glucose in the blood determines if a patient is hyperglycemic or hypoglycemic.
- Fasting hyperglycemia is associated with Type 1 or 2 Diabetes mellitus.
<p>What is a normal fasting plasma glucose (FPG)?
</p>
<p>- 70-99 mg/dL</p>
<p>What are clinical symptoms of hyperglycemia?</p>
<p>- polyuria, polydipsia, and weight loss.</p>
<p>What are clinical symptoms of hypoglycemia?</p>
<p>- tremor, palpitations, anxiety, cognitive impairment, behavioral changes.</p>
<p>What is the significance of sodium in our bodies? What will measuring sodium levels in the blood tell you?</p>
- Regulation of plasma volume
- Generation of nerve impulses
- Generation of muscle contractions
- Facilitation of glucose absorption in the small intestine
- Measuring: hypernatremia and hyponatremia represent sodium imbalances.</p>
<p>What is a normal plasma sodium level?</p>
<p>- 136-146 mEq/L</p>
<p>What are clinical symptoms of hypernatremia?</p>
<p>- lethargy, weakness, irritability, seizure</p>
<p>What are clinical symptoms of hyponatremia?</p>
<p>- nausea, malaise, headache, lethargy, seizures.</p>
<p>What is the significance of potassium in our bodies? What will measuring potassium levels tell you?</p>
<p>- Generation of nerve impulses
- Generation of muscle contractions
- Acid base balance
- Measure: hyperkalemia and hypokalemia represent potassium imbalances.</p>
<p>What is a normal plasma potassium level?</p>
<p>- 3.5-5.1 mEq/L</p>
<p>What are clinical symptoms of hyperkalemia?</p>
<p>- muscle weakness
- cardiac conduction abnormalities
- cardiac arrhythmias</p>
<p>What are clinical symptoms of hypokalemia?</p>
<p>- muscle weakness
- rhabdomyolysis
- cardiac arrhythmias</p>
<p>What the significance of calcium in our bodies? What will measuring calcium levels tell you?</p>
<p>- Muscle contraction
- cardiac function
- enzyme activation
- exocytosis of neurotransmitters
- blood clotting
- normal bone and tooth architecture
- Measuring: hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia represent calcium imbalances</p>
<p>What is a normal plasma calcium level?</p>
<p>- 8.6-10.2 mg/dL</p>
<p>What are clinical symptoms of hypercalcemia?</p>
<p>- nephrolithiasis
- nausea
- vomiting
- bone pain
- confusion</p>
<p>What are clinical symptoms of hypocalcemia?</p>
<p>- Muscle twitching
- tetany
- cardiac arrhythmias
- papilledema</p>
<p>What is the significance of chloride in our bodies? What is the normal plasma levels?</p>
<p>- Acid base balance
- facilitates actions of certain neurotransmitters (GABA, glycine)
- Normal: 95-105 mEq/L</p>
- FYI this chloride is not starred.
<p>What is the significance of creatinine in our bodies? What are the normal levels?</p>
<p>- Waste product made in skeletal muscle and filtered by kidneys. When kidneys fail to filter it, the levels build up in our blood.
- Normal: 0.9-1.3 mg/dL in males, 0.6-1.1 mg/dL in female</p>
<p>What can elevated BUN and creatinine in the blood suggest?</p>
<p>- kidney dysfunction (lack of filtration)</p>
<p>What is ALT?</p>
<p>- Alanine aminotransferase: an enzyme mainly found in the liver; involved in amino acid catabolism - </p>
<p>What are lipid profiles assessing (most generally)?</p>
<p>- blood test for risk of coronary artery disease</p>
<p>What are the components of a lipid profile?</p>
<p>- Total cholesterol
- High density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C "good")
- Low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C "bad")
- Triglycerides
- May include:
Non-HDL, VLDL or cholesterol/HDL ratio</p>
<p>What are the risk factors for hyperlipidemia?</p>
<p>- age
- systolic BP
- Total cholesterol
- HDL cholesterol
- Hypertension medication
- cigarette smoker
- Diabetes present</p>
What are the components of a urinalysis?
- pH
- specific gravity
- leukocytes
- nitrites
- protein
- bilirubin
- ketones
- blood
- glucose
- microscopic examination of the urine sediment</p>
In urinalysis, what does high specific gravity indicate?
dehydration
What is the significance of BUN in our bodies?
- Blood urea nitrogen
- Amount of urea in the blood.
- Urea is waste product made in liver from amino acid metabolism and ammonia.
- Filtered by kidneys.
What is albumin? What is it used for in testing?
- Albumin is a protein synthesized by the liver.
- Used to determine nutritional status or to screen for certain liver and kidney disorders, as well as other diseases.
what is ALP?
Alkaline phosphatase: enzyme related to bile ducts; often increased when block or inflamed; ALP can overflow at this point and seep out of liver into bloodstream, also found in bone and placenta.
What is the role of Albumin in our bodies?
- maintenance of oncotic pressure
- transpiration of thyroid hormones, fat-soluble hormones, “free” fatty acids, unconjugated bilrubin, many drugs
- competitively binds calcium ions
- buffers pH
In urinalysis, what does + WBC (leukocyte esterase) indicate?
infection/inflammation
What is bilirubin? What organ is in charge of processing this?
- hydrophobic waste product of the metabolism of hemoglobin inside of red blood cells
- Mainly liver. (liver, spleen, and bone marrow - take up deteriorating RBCs)
In urinalysis, what does positive nitrates indicate?
- presence of bacteria
In urinalysis, what does + protein indicate?
chronic kidney disease
In urinalysis, what does + glucose indicate?
hyperglycemia or diabetes
In urinalysis, what does + ketones indicate?
diabetes or starvation
In urinalysis, what does + bilirubin indicate?
liver disease
In urinalysis, what does blood indicate?
lots of possibilities - e.g., kidney or bladder damage
