LG#1 : Doing Philosophy - Philosophy: Meaning, Branches, Founders, and Proponents (1st Grading Period)

Question 1

• It means “Love of Wisdom” or “Love of Knowledge”.
• It is also defined as the science that by natural light of reason studies the first causes of high principles of all things.

Answer 1

Philosophy

Question 2

• It is an organized body of knowledge.
• It is systematic.
• It follows certain steps or employs certain procedures.

Answer 2

Science

Question 3

• It uses a philosopher’s natural capacity to think or human reason or the so-called unaided reason.

Answer 3

Natural Light of Reason

Question 4

• It makes philosophy distinct from other science because it is not one dimensional or partial.
• A philosopher does not limit himself to a particular object of inquiry.
• Philosophy is multidimensional or holistic.

Answer 4

Study of All Things

Question 5

4 First Causes or Highest Principles (PINES)

Answer 5

• Principle of Identity
• Principle of Non-Contradiction
• Principle of Excluded Middle
• Principle of Sufficient Reason

Question 6

• Whatever is; whatever is not is not.
• Everything is its own being, and not being is not being.

Answer 6

Principle of Identity

Question 7

• It is impossible for a thing to be and not to be at the same time.

Answer 7

Principle of Non-Contradiction

Question 8

• A thing is either is or is not; between being and not-being, there is no middle ground possible.

Answer 8

Principle of Excluded Middle

Question 9

• Nothing exists without sufficient reason for its being and existence.

Answer 9

Principle of Sufficient Reason

Question 10

• It is an extension of a fundamental and necessary drive in every human being to know what is real.

Answer 10

Metaphysics

Question 11

• Their task is to explain that part of our experience which we call unreal in terms of what we call real.
• We try to make thing comprehensible by simplifying or reducing the mass we call appearance to a relatively fewer number of things we call reality.

Answer 11

Metaphysician

Question 12

• He claims that everything we see is Water (“Reality”) and everything else “Appearance”.

Answer 12

Thales

Question 13

• Their theories are based on unobservable entities: Mind and Matter.
• They explain the observable in terms of the unobservable.

Answer 13

Idealist and Materialist

Question 14

• Nothing we experience in the physical world with out five senses is real.
• Reality is unchanging, eternal, immaterial, and can be detected only by the intellect.
• He calls these realities as ideas of forms.

Answer 14

Plato

Question 15

• It explores the nature of moral virtue and evaluates human actions.
• It is a study of the nature of moral judgments.
• Philosophical ethics attempts to provide an account of our fundamental ethical ideas.
• It insists that obedience to moral law be given a rational foundation.

Answer 15

Ethics

Question 16

• To be happy is to live a virtuous life.
• He states that virtue is an awakening of the seeds of good deeds that lay dormant in the mind and heart of a person which can be achieved through self-knowledge.

True knowledge = Wisdom = Virtue

Courage as virtue is also knowledge.

Answer 16

Socrates

Question 17

• It is an awakening of the seeds of good deeds that lay dormant in the mind and heart of a person which can be achieved through self-knowledge.

Answer 17

Virtue

Question 18

• An African-American who wanted equal rights for the blacks.
• His philosophy uses the same process as Hegel’s dialectic (Thesis > Antithesis > Synthesis).

Answer 18

William Edward Burghardt Du Bois

Question 19

• It deals with nature, sources, limitations, and validity of knowledge.
• It explains:
  (1) how we know what we claim to know;
  (2) how we can find out what we wish to know; and
  (3) how we can differentiate truth from falsehood.
• It addresses varied problems: the reliability, extent, and kinds of knowledge; truth; language; and science and scientific knowledge.

Answer 19

Epistemology

Question 20

• It gives importance to particular things seen, heard, and touched.
• It forms general ideas through the examination of particular facts.

Answer 20

Induction

Question 21

• It advocates of induction method.

Answer 21

Empiricist

Question 22

• It is the view that knowledge can be attained only through sense experience.

Answer 22

Empiricism

Question 23

• It gives importance to general law from which particular facts are understood or judged.

Answer 23

Deduction

Question 24

• It advocates of deduction method.

Answer 24

Rationalist

Question 25

• For a rationalist, it is based on the logic, the laws, and the methods that reason develops.

Answer 25

Real Knowledge

Question 26

• It is the the meaning and truth of an idea are tested by its practical consequences.

Answer 26

Pragmatism

Question 27

• First philosopher to devise a logical method
• Truth means the agreement of knowledge with reality.
• Logical reasoning makes us certain that our conclusions are true.

Answer 27

Aristotle

Question 28

• One of the successors of Aristotle.
• The Founder of Stoicism.

Answer 28

Zeno of Citium

Question 29

Other Influential Authors of Logic.

Answer 29

1. Cicero
2. Porphryr
3. Boethius
4. Philoponus
5. Al-Farabi
6. Avicenna
7. Averroes

Question 30

• It is the science of the beautiful in its various manifestations – including the sublime, comic, tragic, pathetic, and ugly.
• It is important because of the following:
• It vitalizes our knowledge. It makes our knowledge of the world alive and useful.
• It helps us to live more deeply and richly. A work of art helps us to rise from purely physical existence into the realm of intellect and the spirit.
• It brings us in touch with our culture. The answers of great minds in the past to the great problems of human life are part of our culture.

Answer 30

Aesthetics

Question 31

• A German philosopher who argues that our tastes and judgments regarding beauty work in connection with one’s own personal experience and culture.
• Our culture consists of the values and beliefs of our time and our society.

Answer 31

Hans-Georg Gadamer