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LSF151.x Introduction to Cloud Infrastructure Technologies > LFS151.x Chapter 1 > Flashcards

LFS151.x Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What defines Cloud Computing? (NIST)

A

Cloud computing is a model for enabling
- ubiquitous,
- convenient,
- on-demand
network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be
rapidly provisioned
and released
with minimal management effort
or service provider interaction

+ Pay as you go Model

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2
Q

What are common service categories?

A
  • Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
  • Platform as a Service (PaaS)
  • Software as a Service (SaaS)
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3
Q

Name a few additional service models?

A
  • Analytics as a Service (AnaaS)
    - API as a Service (AaaS)
    - Big Data as a Service (BDaaS)
    - Business Process as a Service (BPaaS)
    - Code as a Service (CaaS)
    - Communications Platform as a Service (CPaaS)
    - Desktop as a Service (DaaS)
    - Database as a Service (DBaaS)
    - Function as a Service (FaaS)
    - Monitoring as a Service (MaaS)
    Anything as a Service (XaaS).
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4
Q

What are key characteristics of Cloud computing? (7-8)

A
  • Speed and Agility
  • Cost
  • Easy access to resources
  • maintenance
  • multitenancy
  • realiability
  • scalability and elasticity
  • “security”
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5
Q

Which deployment models are known?

A
  • Private Cloud
  • Public Cloud
  • Hybrid Cloud
  • PolyCloud
  • Community Cloud
  • Distributed Cloud
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6
Q

What is virtualization?

A

Capability to create a virtual version of a physical compute resource, including a virtual computer hardware platform, operating system, virtual storage device, and virtual compute resource

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7
Q

How can Virtualization be achivieved?

A
  • Can be achivied at different software layers (Central Processing Unit, storage, memory, …)
    With several tools to create Virutal Machines (VM) by virtualizing essential hardware
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8
Q

What is a VM?

A
  • Software equivalent of a hardware-built computing machine, represents an isolated collection of virtual resources, behaving like an actual physical system
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9
Q

How are VMs created?

A

With the help of a specialized virtualization software: hypervisor, that runs on the host machine

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10
Q

What is a hypervisor?

A
  • Software, capable of creating multiple isolated virtual operating environments
  • Each isolated virtual operating environment is composed of virtualized resources that are then made available to the guest systems.
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11
Q

What categories of hypervisors are classified?

A

Type-1 hypervisor (native or bare-metal)
Type-2 hypervisor (hosted)

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12
Q

What is a Type-1 hypervisor?

A
  • Runs directly on top of a physical host machines hardware without the need for host OS
  • Typically found in enterprise settings
  • Examples:
  • AWS Nitro
  • Red Hat Virtualization
  • Microsoft Hyper-V
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13
Q

What is a Type-2 hypervisor?

A
  • Runs on top of the hosts OS
  • Typically for end-users, may be found in enterprise settings?
    Examples:
  • VirtualBox
  • Vmware Player
  • Vmware Workstation
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14
Q

What are Exceptions to the dual hypervisor distinction?

A
  • Linux Kernel modules that act as both type 1 and type-2 hypervisors at the same time
    Like:
  • KVM
  • Bhyve
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15
Q

What do Hypervisors do?

A
  • Enable virtualization of hardware such as CPU, disk, network
  • Allow installation of guest VMs on top of them
    Multiple guest VMs can be created with different Operating Systems on a single Hypervisor
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16
Q

What is hardware virtualization?

A
  • The feature that allows hypervisors to virtualize physical hardware of a host system, thus sharing host systems processing resources with multiple guest systems in a safe and efficient manner
    Supported by most modern CPUs
17
Q

What is nested virtualization?

A
  • Feature of a CPU to enable VMs to be created inside another VM
18
Q

What is KVM?

A
  • Kernel-based Virtual Machine
  • Open souce software that provides hardware-assisted virtualization to support various guest OSs
  • Loadable virtualization module of the linux kernel
  • Converts the kernel into a hypervisor capable of managing guest Virtual Machines
  • Specific hardware virtualization extensions have to be available
19
Q

What Featues does KVM offer?

A
  • Support various guest Oses, such as Linux Distributions, Windows, Solaris, etc
  • Enables device abstraction of network interfaces, disk but not the processor
  • Instead exposes the /dev/kvm interface that can be used by an external user space host for emulation
    ® Examples user space tools for KVM VM management: QEMU, virt-manager
  • Supports nested virtualization
  • Supports hotpluggable devices such as CPUs and PCI devices
  • Supports Overcommitting
  • By dynamically swaping resources from one guest that is not using the type of resource that is needed
20
Q

What is Overcommitting in the context of a hypervisor? Why is it possible?

A
  • More virtualized CPUs and memory can be allocated to virtual machines than there are physical resources on the system
  • Possible because most processes do not access 100% of their allocated resources all the time
21
Q

What are benefits of using a KVM?

A
  • Open source solution, free to customize
  • Zero costs
  • Provides efficient hardare-assisted virtualizatoin for an array of guest Oses
  • Provides para-virtualization of ethernet cards, disk I/O controllers, and graphical interfaces for guest Oses
  • Highly scalable
  • Employs advanced security features, utilizing SELinux
    Provides Mandatory Access Control security between Virtual Machine
22
Q

What are benefits of using VMs in a development environment?

A
  • Reproducible environment
  • Management of multiple projects, each in ist isolated and restricted environment
  • Sharing the environment with other teammates
  • Keepting the develpoment and deployment environments in sync
    Running consistently the same VM on different Oses leveraging hypervisors such as VirtualBox, Vmware, Hyper-V
23
Q

What is Vagrant and why is it good?

A
  • Cross-plattform tool for building and maintaining portable virtual software development environments
  • Provides great extensibility bauce various plugins can extend ist supports for custom providers, provisioners, commands and hosts
24
Q

What does Vagrant do?

A
  • Helps automate VMs management by providing an end-to-end lifecycle management utility - the vagrant command line tool
25
Q

What are key components used by Vagrant to manage Virtual machines?

A
  • Vagrantfile
  • Boxes
  • Providers
  • Synced Folders
  • Provisioning
  • Plugins
  • Networking
  • Multi-Machine
26
Q

How is the Vagrantfile used?

A
  • Vagrant command reads the configuration give in the config file and does different operations
27
Q

What are Boxes in Vagrant?

A
  • Package format for the Vagrant environment
  • Box images can be versioned and customized to specific needs simply by updating the Vagrantfile accordingly
28
Q

What are Providers in Vagrant?

A
  • Underlying engines or hypervisors used to provision VMs or containers
  • Default is VirtualBox, also supports Hyper-V, Vmware, Docker
  • Custom providers may be configured
29
Q

How is Networking dealt with in Vagrant?

A
  • High-level networking options are available for
  • Port forwarding
  • Network connectivity
  • Network creation
  • These network options represent an abstraction that enables cross-provider portability
  • The same file used to provision a VirtualBox VM could be used to provision a Vmware machine
30
Q

What is Multi-Machine in Vagrant?

A
  • A projects Vagrantfile may describe multiple VMs, which are typically intended to work together or may be linked between themselves
  • For instance for accurately modeling a multi-server production topology, such as separating a web and a database server
  • Or modeling a distributed system
31
Q

What are benefits of using Vagrant?

A
  • Automates the setup of one or more VMs, which results in saved time, increased productivity, lower operational costs
  • Introduces consistency in infrastructure provisioning through the Vagrantfile
  • Flexible cross-plattform tool
  • Provides support for Docker containers in addition to VMs provisioned Vmware, VirtualBox, Hyper-V
  • Easy to install and configure
  • Very useful in multi-developer teams
32
Q
A

LSF151.x Introduction to Cloud Infrastructure Technologies (20 decks)

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