Leys Study Guide #3 Flashcards
Cells acquire nucleotides through 2 processes: ____________ and __________
Cells acquire nucleotides through two processes: DE NOVO SYNTHESIS and SALVAGE PATHWAYS
De novo synthesis of purines results in the synthesis of ______ that can be converted to ______ and ___________
De novo synthesis of purines results in the synthesis of INOSINE that can be
converted into ADENOSINE and GUANINE
Atoms in newly synthesized purine are derived from several sources, name these 4 sources
Atoms in newly synthesized purine are derived from….
- Aspartate
- Glutamine
- Glycine
- Methyl Groups supplied by folic acid and carbon dioxide
_______ and _______ regulate de novo synthesis of purines at multiple points in the pathway.
ADP and GDP regulate de novo synthesis of purines at multiple points in the pathway.
(in other words, ADP and GDP => regulator of de novo synthesis.)
________ and _______ can be recycled through the __________ with (HGPRT) hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase.
HYPOXANTHINE and GUANINE can be recycled through the SALVAGE PATHWAY with (HGPRT) hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase.
__________ catalzyes a ____________ type reaction leading to the formation of __________ that can be excreted
XANTHINE OXIDASE catalyzes a HYDROXYLASE type reaction leading to the formation of URIC ACID that can be excreted.
Excess ________ is the cause of gout
Excess URIC ACID is the cause of gout
Gout is most often caused by ______________, but can also be caused by __________.
Gout is most often caused by LOW LEVELS OF SECRETION OF URIC ACID, but can also be caused by EXCESS PRODUCTION
Crystallization of ____________ in the joints leads to a localized ______ response
Crystallization of SODIUM URATE in the joints leads to a localized INFLAMMATORY response.
__________, a purine analog, is used to treat gout
ALLOPURINAL, a purine analog, is used to treat gout
Allopurinol inhibits ____________ preventing the formation of uric acid
Allopuriol inhibits XANTHINE OXIDASE preventing the formation of uric acid
A HGPRT deficiency causes _______ that results in severe retardation, crippling gouty arthritis and self-mutilation
A HGPRT deficiency casues LESCH-NYHAN SYNDROME that results in severe retardation, crippling gouty arthritis and self mutilation
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome occurs in males only because ___________
Lesch-Nyhan occurs in males only because the HGPRT GENE is located on the X CHROMOSOME
The breakdown of ______ can replenish TCA cycle intermediates through the production of _______
The breakdown of PURINES can replenish TCA cycle intermediates through the production of FUMERATE
Atoms in the pyrimidine ring are derived from ______ and ________.
The atoms in a pyrimidine ring are derived from ASPARTATE and CARBAMOYL PHOSPHATE
The ________ in the synthesis of pyrimidines are located of the same protein, ___________
The FIRST 3 ENZYMES in the synthesis of pyrimidines are located on the same protein, CAD PROTEIN
The pyrimidines _____ and _______ can be interconverted
The pyrimidines U and C can be interconverted
dUMP is converted to TMP by _________, an enzyme requiring the transfer of a methyl group from ___________
dUMP is converted to TMP by THYMIDYLATE SYNTHASE, an enzyme requiring the transfer of a methyl group from TETRAHYDROFOLATE.
Inhibitors of tetrahydrofolate production are used as therapeutic agents for _______ and _________
Inhibitors of tetrahydrofolate production are used as therapeutic agents for TREATING CANCER and BACTERIAL INFECTIONS
_________ that inhibit thymidylate synthase are used as anticancer agents
FLURO SUBSTITUTED PYRIMIDINE ANALOGS that inhibit thymidylate synthase are used as anticancer agents
Ribunucleotide reductase converts ______________ to ___________
Ribunucleotide reductase converts RIBONUCLEOTIDES to DEOXYRIBONUCLEOTIDES
Base-pairing in DNA is ____-____ and ____-____. In RNA it’s _____-____ and ____-____.
Base-pairing in DNA is A-T and G-C. In RNA it’s A-U and G-C.
___________ can be compared among different species to determine phylogenetic relationships
HOMOLOGOUS REGIONS OF DNA can be compared among different species to determine phylogenetic relationships
Closely related organisms contain similar _________, however they are often arranged differently on the __________ of each species
Closely related organisms contain similar DNA COMPLIMENTS, however they are often arranged differently on the CHROMOSOMES of each species