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Biochem > Leys > Flashcards

Leys Flashcards

1
Q

Several factors contribute to the state of nutrition including: appetite, ______, genotype, digestion, metabolism, availability of food, customs and _____.

A

energy expenditure,

presence of disease

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2
Q

Leptin, ____, and insulin are important regulators of food intake

A

Ghrelin

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3
Q

What circulates in the body at levels proportional to body fat

A

Leptin

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4
Q

_____ signals the brain that the body has had enough to eat or satiety

A

Leptin

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5
Q

Adipose tissue produces _____ that regulate metabolic processes to meet the body’s needs

A

adipokines

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6
Q

AMP and AMP/ATP regulate ______ that senses cellular energy levels

A

AMP-activated kinase (AMPK)

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7
Q

What regulates rate-limiting enzymes in energy producing and using pathways?

A

AMPK

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8
Q

High levels of AMPK activity inhibit ______ and stimulate energy generating pathways

A

energy-utilizing pathways

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9
Q

Increased ______ increases appetite

A

Ghrelin

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10
Q

Ghrelin favors accumulation of ___ in the visceral fatty tissue

A

lipids

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11
Q

Estimated average requirements (EAR) for calories and daily protein requirements change with ____ and ____.

A

age and sex

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12
Q

The idea amount of calorie intake in a day is equal to the __________.

A

calorie utilization for that day

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13
Q

________ for a nutrient is a value that is adequate for the great majority of individuals

A

Recommended daily allowance (RDA)

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14
Q

The estimated average requirement (EAR) reflects amount that is adequate for ___ of the population.

A

half

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15
Q

What nutrient has the highest energy content per weight?

A

fat

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16
Q

Alcohol has a _____ energy content

A

high

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17
Q

T/F Different nutrients have the same energy content

A

false, different

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18
Q

Increases in obesity are correlated with an increase in the use of ________

A

high fructose corn syrup

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19
Q

High fructose corn syrup is made by breaking down ____ into glucose using ____ followed by conversion to fructose with glucose isomerase

A

cornstarch, amylase

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20
Q

__________ causes a number of health problems including: decreased protein synthesis and glucose transport, fatty liver, liver necrosis, and fibrosis, depression, hypothermia, compromised immune function and wound healing, decreased cardiac and renal function, loss of muscle

A

protein-calorie malnutrition

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21
Q

The health issues associated with consumption of_______ include: mercury exposure, hypertension, elevated cholesterol, long term liver damage, increased risk of diabetes, weight gain and obesity.

A

high fructose corn syrup

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22
Q

________ is associated with an increased risk for several conditions including: _____ diabetes, hypertension, stroke, dyslipidemia, gall stones, respiratory disorders, musculoskeletal disorders and several cancers including breast, endometrial, ovarian, gall bladder and colon

A

obesity, type 2

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23
Q

______fatty acids are not essential and provide no benefit to human health

A

trans

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24
Q

Saturated fats increase levels of ______ cholesterol (bad cholesterol)

A

LDL

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25
Q

_____ increase levels of LDL and also lower levels of HDL (good cholesterol); thus increasing the risk of coronary heart disease

A

trans fats

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26
Q

cis and trans are both _______ fatty acids

A

unsaturated

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27
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids contain at least one _______ bond

A

double

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28
Q

Cis- unsaturated fatty acids contain a ______ bc of the double bond

A

kink

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29
Q

Trans fatty acids are similar to _______fatty acids

A

saturated

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30
Q

Cis means that molecules are on the _______

A

same side

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31
Q

The ________ compartments of an animal cell include the mitochondria, cytosol, rough ER, smooth ER, nucleus, peroxisomes, endosomes, lysosomes

A

intracellular

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32
Q

_____ that have crossed a membrane are no longer topologically inside the cell

A

proteins

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33
Q

______ must recross the membrane to get back inside the cell

A

proteins

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34
Q

______ move from compartment to compartment within a cell by budding off and membrane fusion

A

vesicles

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35
Q

Many proteins have signal sequences at their ____ terminus that directs the proteins to cross the membrane

A

amino

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36
Q

Fewer proteins have _____ signal sequences

A

internal

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37
Q

The _____ is surrounded by a double lipid membrane bilayer

A

nucleus

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38
Q

_______ allow molecules, including proteins to pass from the cytosol into the nucleus and back

A

nuclear pores

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39
Q

Larger proteins pass through nuclear pores by a/an _____ process

A

active

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40
Q

It requires multiple signals to transport proteins from the cytosol into the lumen of the ________

A

mitochondria

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41
Q

Nuclear import receptors bind to _______ found on some nuclear bound proteins and facilitate transport into the nucleus

A

nuclear transport signals

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42
Q

There are multiple protein _____ in the mitochondrial membrane. Each ______ interacts with a specific set of proteins

A

Translocator

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43
Q

What is required to transport proteins into the mitochondria?

A

energy

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44
Q

Proteins enter _____ using a mechanism similar to mitochondrial entry

A

peroxisomes

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45
Q

Proteins travel from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) through the ______ to many sites

A

Golgi Apparatus

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46
Q

A __________ binds to the signal sequence during translation and directs the nascent peptide to the ER membrane

A

Signal recognition protein (SRP)

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47
Q

Proteins bound for the mitochondria are translated in the _________ and then transported through the mitochondrial membrane

A

cytosol

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48
Q

What is required for transportation of proteins through the mitochondrial membrane?

A

ATP

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49
Q

Proteins that are headed into or through the ER are transported through the ER membrane during _______. This process does not require any additional energy.

A

translation

50
Q

_________ modification of proteins in the ER helps direct them to their ultimate location

A

carbohydrate

51
Q

The “default pathway” if there are no other signals directing the protein to other locations, is to send the protein to the ________

A

cell surface

52
Q

In regulated secretory pathways cells store proteins in _______until they are signaled to release them from the cell by fusion of the vesicles with the cellular membrane

A

secretory vesicles

53
Q

There are close to _____ bases of the human genome but only 20,000-25,0000 _______ genes

A

3 billion, protein coding genes

54
Q

Alternative splicing and alternative gene promoters result in 4-6 different ______ from a single gene

A

mRNAs

55
Q

Number of protein-coding mRNAs (transcriptome) may be as large as ________

A

100,000

56
Q

The original Human Genome Project used ________ and ______ approaches for sequencing

A

clone by clone, shotgun

57
Q

There are ____ gaps remaining in the Human genome (compared to 150,000 in draft)

A

250

58
Q

Since the completion of the human genome, how has sequencing capacity and costs been affected?

A

sequencing capacity increased, costs decreased

59
Q

_________ (OMIM) database has >10,000 entries that associate human genes with inherited diseases

A

Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man

60
Q

What are mapped base positions in the genome where the nucleptide varies among people

A

SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms)

61
Q

Companies (eg 23 and me) are offering full genome scans to individuals for less than $100. This analysis is based on _______

A

SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism analysis)

62
Q

This analysis uses labeled DNA hybridized to array of several million oligonucleotides on chips. This can be used for prenatal screening for early detection of chromosomal defects

A

Chromosomal Microarray Analysis (CMA)

63
Q

_______ is the complement of mRNAs, containing protein coding sequences but there are also other RNAs produced that play structural or regulatory functions (miRNA, siRNA, etc.)

A

Transcriptome

64
Q

The transcriptome can be studied using ______, a collection of complementary (cDNA) made from mRNA or synthetic oligonucleotides arranged on a solid phase slide in defined order

A

Microarrays

65
Q

Generally, several _____ probes per gene are used with microarrays

A

oligonucleotide

66
Q

Two samples can be compared by labeling each with a different ______ and hybridizing them to the same array (eg. two-color arrays can compare normal and cancer cells)

A

fluorescent dye

67
Q

With advances in sequencing technology, ____ or sequencing the entire compliment of RNA in a sample is rapidly replacing microarray approaches

A

RNAseq

68
Q

Data analysis is ____ intensive and requires stringent statistical analysis

A

bioinformatics

69
Q

The study of the protein complement of a cell

A

proteomics

70
Q

________ proteomics is the analysis of protein profiles from two or more samples (eg diseased vs healthy cells) to identify quantitative differences that could be responsible for observed phenotypes

A

comparative

71
Q

Proteomics can identify _______ modifications that cannot be detected by transcriptome analysis

A

posttranslational

72
Q

Proteins can be separated by two dimensional __________ or by Liquid Chromatography (FPLC, HPLC)

A

polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE)

73
Q

______ are identified by Mass spectrometry

A

Proteins

74
Q

What is the identification and quantification of steady-state levels of intracellular metabolites (sugars, aa, lipids, nucleotieds etc)?

A

Metabolomics

75
Q

Because the technology to identify every metabolite in a biological sample is not available, ________ is often carried out, where a few specific metabolites are measured

A

targeted metabolomics

76
Q

Drug metabolism can take place anywhere in the body (plasma, kidney, lung, gut wall) but where is the prime site?

A

liver

77
Q

An increase in DNA repair activity can ____ effectiveness of drugs that target DNA

A

decrease

78
Q

What are the three potential outcomes of drug metabolism?

A

1) Increase in drug hydrophilicity and ability to be secreted (hepatic)
2) Metabolic products are less pharmacologically active than the substrate drug
3) Inactive prodrugs converted to their active dorms (hepatic)

79
Q

What are the five mechanisms of drug resistance

A

1) decreased permeability
2) alteration of the target site for the drug
3) enzymatic inactivation of the drug
4) active transport of the drug out of the cell
5) amplification of the gene coding for the target of the drug

80
Q

Multidrug resistance results from an increase in the amount of ____ that can pump many different drugs out of the cell

A

transporter proteins

81
Q

Examples of water soluble vitamins and where are they stored?

A

Vit B & C

Not stored, excess secreted

82
Q

Examples of fat soluble vitamins and where are they stored?

A

Vit A, D, E, K

in tissues

83
Q

What do measurements of vitamin levels in the blood relate to?

A

recent intake

84
Q

____ vitamins act as coenzymes in many metabolic pathways

A

water-soluble

85
Q

The body has no storage capacity for water-soluble vitamins- except vitamin ____

A

B12

86
Q

Can excess of B vitamins be toxic?

A

yes, evidence emerging

87
Q

What happens to most vitamins before they become active?

A

modification

88
Q

Lack of _____ causes angular stomatitis

A

riboflavin

89
Q

What can cause biotin (B7) deficiency?

A

eating raw egg whites

90
Q

What is needed indirectly for DNA synthesis?

A

folic acid

91
Q

There is an _____ demand for folic acid during pregnancy

A

increased

92
Q

What is one of the most common vitamin deficiencies?

A

Folic acid deficiency

93
Q

Where is vitamin B12 concentrated in the body?

A

liver

94
Q

Vitamin C deficiency causes ____ resulting in defective ____ synthesis

A

scurvy, collagen

95
Q

Lack of this vitamin impairs immune function

A

vitamin C

96
Q

______ soluble vitamins are not as readily absorbed as ____ soluble vitamins, but can be stored in tissues

A

fat, water

97
Q

What fat soluble vitamins can be toxic in excess?

A

vit A & D

98
Q

The functions of ____ and folic acid are interrelated

A

B12

99
Q

Inhibitors of folate reduction are used as _______ (trimethoprim) and _____ (methotrexate)

A

antibiotics, cancer therapy

100
Q

Which B vitamin is a coenzyme for carboxylations?

A

B1 (thiamin)

101
Q

Which B vitamin is a coenzyme for transaminases?

A

B6

102
Q

Vitamin B2/B3 are conezymes for what reaction?

A

oxidoreductases

103
Q

Which B vitamin is a coenzyme for carboxylases?

A

Biotin (B7)

104
Q

Folic acid/B12 are conezymes for what reaction?

A

single carbon transfers

105
Q

What vitamin is teratogenic and should be avoided during pregnancy?

A

Vitamin A

106
Q

_______ acid is a signaling molecule that interacts with ligand-activated transcription factors

A

Retinoic

107
Q

What does a deficiency in Vitamin A cause?

A

night blindness

108
Q

What does vitamin D regulate?

A

calcium and phosphorous homeostasis

109
Q

How is the majority of vitamin D produced?

A

UV exposure of skin

110
Q

What climates have a difficult time getting sufficient vitamin D in the winter?

A

northern

111
Q

What vitamin is necessary for blood coagulation?

A

vitamin K

112
Q

What vitamin deficiency has a link to early childhood caries?

A

Vitamin D

113
Q

What does a deficiency of vitamin D cause?

A

demineralizaition of bones with increased susceptibility to fractures

114
Q

C3H6O3

A

Lactic Acid

115
Q

What are the 4 essential processes needed to develop from a single cell into a multicellular organism?

A

1) Cell proliferation
2) Cell specialization
3) Cell interaction
4) Cell movement

116
Q

What type of genes direct regions (segments) to differentiate into their final forms?

A

homeotic genes

117
Q

Homeotic genes are arrayed on the chromosome in the _____ as they are expressed in developing embryos and in the same order in _______ and humans

A

same order, fruit flies

118
Q

Genes can have complex expression patterns by having a series of control regions directing ____ in different regions of the oranism

A

transcription

119
Q

Describes what a cell will become in the normal course of development

A

cell fate

120
Q

A stable change that causes a restriction on a cells developmental potential.

A

cell determination

121
Q

How do developmental genes compare between different organisms

A

similar

Biochem (2 decks)

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