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Biochem > Dickens > Flashcards

Dickens Flashcards

1
Q

Chemical messengers made by endocrine cells and secreted into the bloodstream

A

hormones

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2
Q

Hormones affect?

A

gene expression and protein synthesis

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3
Q

Hormones that act on the same cell that secreted them

A

Autocrine

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4
Q

Hormones that act on cells other than the ones that secreted them

A

Paracrine

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5
Q

Name the four types of hormones

A

Steroids
Amine (amino acid-derived)
Peptide (usually lumped w/ polypeptide)
Polypeptide

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6
Q

Cellular signal transduction cassettes ____, ____, and ____ external signals

A

detect
amplify
integrate

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7
Q

Specific cell surface receptors, effector signaling elements, and regulatory proteins comprise

A

Cellular signal transduction cassettes

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8
Q

First 3 steps of cell signaling and response

A
  1. Synthesis of signaling molecule (ligand)
  2. Release of signaling molecule (ligand)
  3. Transport of signaling molecule to target cell
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9
Q

Ligand binding by a specific receptor protein causes

A

A change in conformation

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10
Q

Steps of cell signaling and response post ligand binding

A
  1. Change in cellular metabolism, function, or development = cellular response
  2. Removal of ligand, terminating cellular response
  3. Degradation of ligand
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11
Q

Steroid hormones have a ____ precursor and include (3)

A

Cholesterol

  1. Corticosteroids
  2. Androgens
  3. Estrogens
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12
Q

Steroid hormones immediately diffuse out of ____ cells into ____

A

endocrine cells

bloodstream

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13
Q

Steroid hormones are ___ soluble

A

lipid soluble

*can cross cell membrane

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14
Q

Steroid hormones targets are located ____ target cells

A

inside

*Intracellular (cytoplasmic) receptors

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15
Q

Steroid hormones are ___ acting/____ half-life than peptide hormones

A

slower acting

longer half-life

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16
Q

Amine hormones are ___ or ___ derived and are stored in _____ cells until secreted

A

Tyrosine or Tryptophan

endocrine cells

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17
Q

Amine hormone receptors can be located:

A

On the cell surface or intracellular

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18
Q

_____ hormones do not immediately enter bloodstream

A

Polypeptide

*can be stored in endocrine cell vesicles

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19
Q

Polypeptide hormones are water ____, so they ___ pass through cell membrane

A

soluble

do NOT

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20
Q

Polypeptide hormones are termed “first messengers” because they bind to ___ ___

A

external receptors

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21
Q

Intracellular effects of polypeptide hormones are mediated by “____ ____”

A

second messengers

*internal reactions

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22
Q

Second messengers are low MW signaling molecules, 2 examples are

A

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)

Calcium

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23
Q

G-protein coupled receptors are ____ membrane proteins

A

integral

*have an extracellular N-terminus

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24
Q

G-protein coupled receptors have _ transmembrane spanning _-____

A

7
alpha-helices
*ligand binds to pocket

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25
Q

G-protein coupled receptors have _ extracellular and intracellular loops

A

3

*third intracellular loop recruits G-protein

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26
Q

G-protein coupled receptors have an intracellular _-____ tail membrane

A

C-terminal

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27
Q

G-protein coupled receptors have no intrinsic ____ domains

A

catalytic

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28
Q

G-protein (guanine nucleotide-binding) activates _____ _____

A

adenylyl cyclase

*converts ATP to cAMP

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29
Q

cAMP activates ___ ___ in the cytosol, signaling cascade

A

protein kinases

30
Q

______ inactivates cAMP, which turns off the cell response

A

Phosphodiesterase

31
Q

Which G-protein subunit confers activity? What does it contain?

A

alpha-subunit

GTP-binding site and an intrinsic GTPase activity

32
Q

What two bacterial toxins target G- proteins?

A 
cholera toxin
pertussis toxin (whopping cough)
33
Q

Tyrosine kinase-linked receptors have no _____ enzymatic activity

A

intrinsic

34
Q

Ligand binding to a tyrosine kinase-linked receptor forms _____ that activates tyrosine kinases that _______ downstream targets, signal cascade

A

dimers

phosphorylate

35
Q

Intrinsic enzymatic activity receptors are _____- triggered protein kidases

A

ligand

36
Q

How are intrinsic enzymatic activity receptors similar to tyrosine-linked receptors?

A

form dimers upon ligand binding

37
Q

_____ complex of can directly act as a tyrosine kinase (phosphorylates other kinases)

A

ligand/receptor

38
Q

Ligand binding to this type of receptor causes a conformational change of the receptor

A

Ion-channel receptor

39
Q

The conformational change of an ion channel receptor allows what to flow through the channel?

A

specific ions (sodium, potassium)

40
Q

The ______ toxin prevents release of acetylcholine neurotransmitter and cleaves proteins involved in docking of neurotransmitter vesicles

A

Botulinum

affects ion-channels indirectly

41
Q

Calcium binds to _____ protein inducing a conformational change. Two globular domains are joined by a long alpha-helix

A

calmodulin

42
Q

Calcium/calmodulin complex binds to and modifies target proteins (_____) that initiate signal cascade

A

kinase

43
Q

Second messenger responsible for calcium mobilization

A

Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2)

44
Q

PIP2 is hydrolyzed by PIP2 specific phopholipase C (PLC) to generate two second messengers ______ and ____

A 
Inositol triphosphate (IP3)
Diacylglycerol (DAG)
45
Q

A second messenger formed from the hydrolysis of PIP2 that is water soluble and mobilizes calcium

A

Inositol Triphosphate (IP3)

46
Q

This second messenger is anchored in the plasma membrane due to hydrophobic fatty acid side chains and activates key protein kinase C (PKC) family

A

Diacylglycerol (DAG)

47
Q

__________ can be hydrolyzed by other phopholipases to produce other lipid second messengers

A

phosphatidylcholine

48
Q

The hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine produces what lipid second messengers?

A
  • different species of DAG (gen by PLC)
  • Phosphatidic acid (PLD)
  • Arachidonic acid (PLA2)
49
Q

What is the key inflammatory and pain mediator?

A

Arachidonic acid

50
Q

Arachidonic acid is a precursors of ______ that act like hormones and signal via G-protein coupled receptors and incluedes

A

eicosanoids

51
Q

Prostaglandins, prostacyclins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes are all exmples of _______

A

eicosanoids

52
Q

Modulate smooth muscle contraction, platelet aggregation, gastric acid secretion, and salt and water balance

A

eicosanoids

  • prostaglandins
  • prostacylins
  • thromboxanes
  • leukotrienes
53
Q

Arachidonic acid conversion to prostaglandins involves ____

A

cyclooxygenase isoforms (COX-1 (constitutive) , COX-2(response to inflammatory mediators)

54
Q

What stimulates inflammation, regulates blood flow to organs such as the kidney, controls ion transport across membranes, modulates synaptic transmission and induces sleep?

A

prostaglandins

55
Q

What are the inhibitors of cyclooxygenase?

A

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

56
Q

What are two examples of NSAIDs?

A

aspirin

ibuprofen

57
Q

Aspirin _______ inactivates both forms of COX

A

irreversibly

58
Q

Selective inhibitors of COX-2 (celecoxib) are effective treatments for _____ (rheumatoid arthritis)

A

inflammatory conditions

59
Q

What converts arachidonic acid into leukotrienes

A

lipoxygenases

60
Q

What type of signaling involves low molecular weight signaling molecules (NO) that cross plasma membrane and directly modulate the activity of the catalytic domains of transmembrane receptors or cytoplasmic signal transducing enzymes?

A

Receptor-independent signaling

61
Q

NO (nitric oxide) stimulates ______ (generates cGMP (relaxes blood vessels)))

A

guanylate cyclase

62
Q

Angina symptoms treated with _____, which is converted to _____

A

glyceryl trinitrate

NO

63
Q

What is the ATP dependent process of packing extracellular materials in vesicles at the cell surface?

A

endocytosis

64
Q

What are the 3 types of endocytosis?

A

1) pinocytosis
2) phagocytosis
3) receptor-mediated endocytosis

65
Q

“drinking”

nonspecific absorption of extracelluar fluids

A

pinocytosis

66
Q

During pinocytosis the membrane caves in, then pinches off into the _____ as a pinocytotic vesicle

A

cytoplasm

67
Q

Activated by the attachment to pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPS)

A

phagocytosis

68
Q

cellular eating

A

phagocytosis

69
Q

This type of endocytosis is selective and forms clathrin coated vesicles at surface of the membrane. Thse vesicles form a polyhedral lattice

A

receptor mediated endocytosis

70
Q

An example of this type of endocytosis is iron transport via transferring receptor

A

receptor-mediated endocytosis

71
Q

The movement of receptors to a different membrane from the one in which it was endocytosed

A

transcytosis

Biochem (2 decks)

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