Levels of Processing

Question 1

Whose is the Levels of Processing (LOP) Model of Memory

Answer 1

Craik and Lockhart, 1972

Question 2

What are the two types of rehearsal Craik and Lockhart proposed

Answer 2

Type 1 - Maintenance rehearsal

Type 2 - Elaborate rehearsal

Question 3

Describe Maintenance rehearsal

Answer 3

Rehearsing information to preserve it for a short time. It is unlikely to result in a strong memory being established,

Question 4

Describe Elaborate rehearsal

Answer 4

This is when deeper consideration is given to the info. It is more likely to result in a more durable memory being made.

Question 5

Describe 4 points about Craik and Lockhart’s information processing theory

Answer 5

1. We have a central processor that handles all kinds of quantities of perceptual information and determines how it is processed.
2. If info is distinctive, relevant or requires time or effort to process it is likely to be processed at a deeper level than if it is effortless and meaningless.
3. Info processed on a deep level is more likely to be retained in the memory.
4. Memory is not a conscious action but is a by product of the way info is processed. This explains why we sometimes remember info we don’t intend to

Question 6

What was the purpose of Craik and Tulving’s laboratory experiment

Answer 6

To determine whether recall is affected by the way info is processed.

Question 7

What was the experiment

Answer 7

Participants were asked to answer yes or no to a question about a word they were shown. There were 3 types of question asked that determined how deeply the word was processed.

Question 8

What were the types of question in Craik and Tulving’s lab experiment that demonstrate how deep the word was processed

Answer 8

There were 3

1. structural processing
2. phonetic processing
3. semantic processing

Question 9

What is structural processing of a word

Answer 9

The physical structure e.g. upper or lower case

Question 10

What is phonetic processing of a word

Answer 10

The sound the word makes

Question 11

What is semantic processing of a word

Answer 11

The meaning of the word

Question 12

Which of the 3 types of processing in Craik and Tulving’s lab experiment was more likely to result in recall

Answer 12

Semantic. This study provides clear support for the Levels of Processing Model of Memory

Question 13

When did Hyde and Jenkins study take place

Answer 13

1973

Question 14

What was the study

Answer 14

Participants had to learn 24 words under 5 different conditions

Question 15

What were the 5 different conditions

Answer 15

1. Pleasantness of a word
2. Judge how frequently it might be used
3. Check for specific letters
4. Describe what part of speech the word referred to
5. Judge if it fitted into a given sentence

These tasks required different Levels of Processing as the importance of meaning increased memorability.

Question 16

Where the participants in Hyde and Jenkins told they would be required to recall the words later

Answer 16

One group was, one group wasn’t

Question 17

What contributed to an increase in recall

Answer 17

There was a significant increase in recall when participants were asked to judge the pleasantness of the word. Processing the meaning of words increased memorability.

Question 18

What are the applications of Levels of Processing Model of Memory

Answer 18

Very wide ranging. Significant 2 include

1. Enhance learning and revision
2. Learning language and reading

Question 19

What is the Multi-store Model

Answer 19

It assumes that anything remembered for longer than a minute or so is held in long term memory BUT some of these memories are strong and some weak. LOP explains the difference in memory durability by referring to the depth of processing.

Question 20

Evaluate a disadvantage of LOP

Answer 20

Many variables determine whether durable memory is achieved
- relevance and distinctiveness of info
- the elaboration given and time and effort spent on processing
so it is difficult to establish what is meant by depth of processing in a single given instance

Question 21

Give a study which contradicts the LOP model

showing another disadvantage of LOP

Answer 21

Morris et al (1977) found that participants recalled more words that were phonetically processed than semantically processed.
They found that word lists were more likely to be remembered phonetically.
The nature of the task determines the depth of processing used rather than depth determining retention directly

Question 22

Give a disadvantage of LOP concerning recall using explicit and implicit memory

Answer 22

It can only be used to explain improved recall in explicit memory. It does not really affect implicit memory

Question 23

What is explicit memory

Answer 23

memory that requires conscious recall

Question 24

What is implicit memory

Answer 24

memory that is recalled automatically

Question 25

One final disadvantage of LOP

Answer 25

Criticised for being descriptive rather than explaining how memory works.
Referring to depth is circular logic.
It does not account for all learning.
Giving something meaning is not the only way we can leave a durable memory trace. Imagery and emotionality can also leave longstanding memories.