Levels of Processing Flashcards
Whose is the Levels of Processing (LOP) Model of Memory
Craik and Lockhart, 1972
What are the two types of rehearsal Craik and Lockhart proposed
Type 1 - Maintenance rehearsal
Type 2 - Elaborate rehearsal
Describe Maintenance rehearsal
Rehearsing information to preserve it for a short time. It is unlikely to result in a strong memory being established,
Describe Elaborate rehearsal
This is when deeper consideration is given to the info. It is more likely to result in a more durable memory being made.
Describe 4 points about Craik and Lockhart’s information processing theory
- We have a central processor that handles all kinds of quantities of perceptual information and determines how it is processed.
- If info is distinctive, relevant or requires time or effort to process it is likely to be processed at a deeper level than if it is effortless and meaningless.
- Info processed on a deep level is more likely to be retained in the memory.
- Memory is not a conscious action but is a by product of the way info is processed. This explains why we sometimes remember info we don’t intend to
What was the purpose of Craik and Tulving’s laboratory experiment
To determine whether recall is affected by the way info is processed.
What was the experiment
Participants were asked to answer yes or no to a question about a word they were shown. There were 3 types of question asked that determined how deeply the word was processed.
What were the types of question in Craik and Tulving’s lab experiment that demonstrate how deep the word was processed
There were 3
- structural processing
- phonetic processing
- semantic processing
What is structural processing of a word
The physical structure e.g. upper or lower case
What is phonetic processing of a word
The sound the word makes
What is semantic processing of a word
The meaning of the word
Which of the 3 types of processing in Craik and Tulving’s lab experiment was more likely to result in recall
Semantic. This study provides clear support for the Levels of Processing Model of Memory
When did Hyde and Jenkins study take place
1973
What was the study
Participants had to learn 24 words under 5 different conditions
What were the 5 different conditions
- Pleasantness of a word
- Judge how frequently it might be used
- Check for specific letters
- Describe what part of speech the word referred to
- Judge if it fitted into a given sentence
These tasks required different Levels of Processing as the importance of meaning increased memorability.
Where the participants in Hyde and Jenkins told they would be required to recall the words later
One group was, one group wasn’t
What contributed to an increase in recall
There was a significant increase in recall when participants were asked to judge the pleasantness of the word. Processing the meaning of words increased memorability.
What are the applications of Levels of Processing Model of Memory
Very wide ranging. Significant 2 include
- Enhance learning and revision
- Learning language and reading
What is the Multi-store Model
It assumes that anything remembered for longer than a minute or so is held in long term memory BUT some of these memories are strong and some weak. LOP explains the difference in memory durability by referring to the depth of processing.
Evaluate a disadvantage of LOP
Many variables determine whether durable memory is achieved
- relevance and distinctiveness of info
- the elaboration given and time and effort spent on processing
so it is difficult to establish what is meant by depth of processing in a single given instance
Give a study which contradicts the LOP model
showing another disadvantage of LOP
Morris et al (1977) found that participants recalled more words that were phonetically processed than semantically processed.
They found that word lists were more likely to be remembered phonetically.
The nature of the task determines the depth of processing used rather than depth determining retention directly
Give a disadvantage of LOP concerning recall using explicit and implicit memory
It can only be used to explain improved recall in explicit memory. It does not really affect implicit memory
What is explicit memory
memory that requires conscious recall
What is implicit memory
memory that is recalled automatically
One final disadvantage of LOP
Criticised for being descriptive rather than explaining how memory works.
Referring to depth is circular logic.
It does not account for all learning.
Giving something meaning is not the only way we can leave a durable memory trace. Imagery and emotionality can also leave longstanding memories.
