Levels of processing Flashcards
Who made the levels of processing theory?
Craik + Lockhart (1972)
What is the main idea of the levels of processing theory?
The level or depth of processing during learning determines what is stored in LTM
Who studied the incidental learning procedure?
Craik + Tulving (1975)
What was the incidental learning procedure study?
Ppts were exposed to 48 words under 3 levels of processing, some once and some twice
Surprise free recall task
What results were found from the incidental learning procedure study?
Supports levels of processing effect and elaboration matters
What study challenged levels of processing?
Transfer appropriate processing
Who studied transfer appropriate processing?
Morris, Bransford + Franks
What did the transfer appropriate processing study argue?
the fit between coding and retrieval is important
How was the transfer appropriate processing theory studied?
- Rhyme vs sentence processing
- Recognition task
- Rhyme recognition
What is the testing effect?
Putting a retrieval practice session between studying (encoding) and a final test (retrieval) improves performance
What was Dunlosky et al (2013) study on testing effect?
In a review paper, among 10 learning techniques testing was the most effective
Who studied a review for testing effect?
Dunlosky et al (2013)
Who carried out a study on the testing effect?
Roediger + Karpicke (2006)
What was Roediger + Karpicke’s study on testing effect (2006)
Compared studying a passage for 7 mins twice or studying then taking a test and final retention was 5 mins, 2 days and 1 week later
What are the explanations for the testing effect?
- Elaborative retrieval hypothesis
- Dual memory theory
- Bifurcation model
What is the elaborative retrieval process?
Testing produces a more elaborate memory trace
What is dual memory theory?
Testing produces a second memory trace
What is a bifurcation model?
Items successfully retrieved during practice are strengthened and testing is more effective if feedback is given
