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Levels of Organization Flashcards

1
Q

what are the levels of organization leading up to ‘Cell’

A
  1. sub-atomic particle
  2. atom
  3. molecule
  4. subcellular organelles
  5. cell
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2
Q
  1. what are the 3 types of subatomic particles?
A
  1. Protons
  2. Neutrons
  3. Electrons
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3
Q

What are the levels of Organization after ‘Cell’?

A
  1. Tissues
  2. Organs
  3. Organ System
  4. Organism
  5. Population
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4
Q

what are the 4 most abundant atoms

A
  1. hydrogen
  2. carbon
  3. nitrogen
  4. oxygen
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5
Q

what subatomic particles make up the nucleus?

A

Protons and Neutrons

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6
Q

what subatomic particle is outside the nucleus?

A

Electron

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7
Q

How is ‘Atomic Number’ determined?

A

by the number of protons in the nucleus

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8
Q

what is the simplest living unit?

A

Cell

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9
Q

________ is a combination of cells that perform a specific function

A

Tissues

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10
Q

(——–) is a group of organisms of the same species that live in the same place at the same time

A

Population

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11
Q

(——-) are atoms that have gained or lost one or more electrons, giving them a net electrical charge

A

Ion

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12
Q

if an atom loses electrons it becomes a (——-) charged ion (called cation)

A

positively

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13
Q

if an atom gains electrons, it becomes a (——-) charged ion (called anion)

A

negatively

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14
Q

The atomic number and number of bonds for:
Hydrogren

A
  • atomic no = 1
  • No of bonds = 1
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15
Q

The atomic number and number of bonds for:
Carbon

A
  • atomic no = 6
  • No of bonds = 4
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16
Q

The atomic number and number of bonds for:
Nitrogen

A
  • atomic no = 7
  • no of bonds = 3
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17
Q

The atomic number and number of bonds for:
Oxygen

A
  • atomic no = 8
  • no of bonds = 2
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18
Q

atoms have an equal number of (——) and (—–)

A

protons and electrons

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19
Q

the defining feature of life is:

A

the ability to self-repair

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20
Q

True or False: Water is Polar

A

True, water is polar

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21
Q

True or False: water is cohesive

A

True, water is cohesive

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22
Q

True or False: water is adhesive

A

True, water is adhesive

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23
Q

true or false: water is lighter than ice

A

False; ice is lighter than water

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24
Q

true or false: water can moderate climate

A

true, water can moderate climate

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25
Q

true or false: water is NOT a powerful solvent

A

False; water IS a powerful solvent

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26
Q

solvents dissolves (——)

A

solutes

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27
Q

is water a solvent or solute?

A

Solvent

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28
Q

Solutes are dissolved by (—-)

A

solvents

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29
Q

salt, sugar and gas are examples of solutes or solvents?

A

Solutes

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30
Q

A Solution is a combination of (—-) and (—-)

A

solvents, solutes

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31
Q

what is the definition of pH

A

positive logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration {H+} of a solution

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32
Q

the pH of water is (—) which is considered (—-)

A

7; Neutral

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33
Q

pH below 7 is an (—)

A

Acid

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34
Q

pH above 7 is a (—-)

A

base

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35
Q

a sugar or chain of sugars is also known as a (——)

A

Carbohydrate

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36
Q

True or False: a carbohydrate is a CARBON with an OH and H attached to it

A

True

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37
Q

a Simple Carbohydrate is 1 or 2 (—–) combined

A

sugars

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38
Q

a Complex Carbohydrate is (—) or more sugars combined

A

3

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39
Q

Starch, Glycogen and Cellulose are all examples of:

A

Complex Carbohydrates

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40
Q

this complex carbohydrate is responsible for the storage of glucose in plants

A

Starch

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41
Q

this complex carbohydrate is responsible for the storage of glucose in animals

A

Glycogen

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42
Q

this complex carbohydrate makes up the structural material in plants

A

Cellulose

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43
Q

are Lipids polar or non-polar

A

Non-polar

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44
Q

Lipids have high amounts of (—-) and (—-)

A

Carbon, Hydrogen

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45
Q

What are the 2 types of fats

A

Saturated and Unsaturated

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46
Q

This type of fat is solid at room temperature

A

Saturated fat

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47
Q

This type of fat is liquid at room temperature

A

Unsaturated fat

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48
Q

Phospholipids are a major component of:

A

plasma membranes

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49
Q

True or False: Steroids are a lipid

A

True, steroids are a lipid

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50
Q

A chain of amino acids form:

A

Protein

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51
Q

what are the 8 functions of Proteins

(Mnemonic: Every Dog Seeks Treats, Happy Rascals Chase Squirrels)

A

1) Enzymatic - biological catalyst
2) Defensive - antibodies

3) Storage - storage of amino acids
4) Transport - transport substances within the body

5) Hormonal - transmits information throughout the body
6) Receptor - receive cellular messages

7) Contractile - found in muscles
8) Structural - provides support/infrastructure

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52
Q

Enzymatic Proteins are:

A

biological catalyst

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53
Q

Defensive proteins include:

A

antibodies

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54
Q

storage proteins are responsible for the storage of:

A

amino acids

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55
Q

the function of transport proteins is to:

A

transport substances within the body

56
Q

Hormonal proteins transmit (—–) throughout the body

A

information

57
Q

Receptor proteins receive (——-) messages

58
Q

Contractile proteins are found in:

59
Q

Structural proteins provide (——) and (—-)

A

Support, infrastructure

60
Q

Nucleic acid are chains of (——)

A

nucleotides

61
Q

(——) groups are crucial in nucleic acids as they form the backbone structure, providing stability and directionality essential for DNA and RNA functions

62
Q

what are the 3 components of Nucleic Acid

A

Phosphate

Sugar (5 carbons)

Base

63
Q

DNA is short for:

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

64
Q

True or False: DNA is double stranded?

65
Q

True or False: deoxyribose is a type of sugar

66
Q

The 4 bases of DNA are?

A

Adenine

Guanine

Cytosine

Thymine

67
Q

In DNA, (A) Adenine binds to?

A

(T) Thymine

68
Q

In DNA, (G) Guanine binds to?

A

(C) Cytosine

69
Q

RNA stands for?

A

Ribonucleic Acid

70
Q

Is RNA single-stranded or double-stranded?

A

Single-stranded

71
Q

True or False: Ribose is a type of sugar?

72
Q

In RNA, (A) Adenine binds to?

A

(U) Uracil

73
Q

In RNA, (C) Cytosine binds to?

A

(G) Guanine

74
Q

The 4 bases of RNA are?

A

Adenine

Cytosine

Guanine

Uracil

75
Q

The 5 components of the Plasma Membrane are?

A

Phospholipid layer
Proteins
Cholesterol
Glycoprotein
Glycolipid

76
Q

The 3 components of the Nucleus are?

A

Nuclear Membrane

Chromatin

Nucleolus

77
Q

The Nucleolus produces (—–)

78
Q

this is the site of protein synthesis

79
Q

this is embedded with ribosomes and produces proteins for export

A

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

80
Q

this has a variety of functions, one of them being lipid synthesis

A

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

81
Q

this transports materials to the exterior of the cell

A

Golgi Apparatus

82
Q

this digests materials within the cell

83
Q

this is the site of photosynthesis

A

chloroplasts

84
Q

this is the site of ATP production

A

Mitochondria

85
Q

this cellular organelle detoxifies poisons

A

Peroxisomes

86
Q

the cytoskeletal is composed of these 3 components

A
  1. Microtubule
  2. Intermediate filaments
  3. Microfilaments
87
Q

what is the largest component of the cytoskeleton

A

microtubule

88
Q

what is the smallest component of the cytoskeleton

A

microfilaments

89
Q

this organelle is used in cell division

90
Q

what are the 3 steps for processing energy in plants?

A

i. Sun (photosynthesis) ↓

ii. Sugar (broken down by cellular respiration in mitochondria)↓

iii. ATP

91
Q

what are the 3 steps for Protein Synthesis

A

i. DNA (transcription) (ATP) ↓

ii. mRNA (translation) (on ribosome in cytoplasm)(ATP) ↓

iii.ATP

92
Q

this type of tissue lines the inside and outside of surfaces

A

Epithelial Tissue

93
Q

this type of Epithelial tissue is flat

94
Q

This type of Epithelial tissue is cube-shaped

95
Q

This type of Epithelial tissue is tall

96
Q

This type of Epithelial tissue has the same basement membrane

A

Pseudostratified Columnar

97
Q

This type of Epithelial tissue cell’s change based on the distention of the organ

A

Transitional

98
Q

Living cells in a non-living matrix make up this type of tissue

A

Connective tissue

99
Q

What are the 2 types of Connective tissue

A

Loose, Dense

100
Q

What are the 3 types of Loose Connective Tissue Proper?

A

Areolar

Adipose

Reticular

101
Q

What is a characteristic of areolar tissue in loose connective tissue proper?

A

Areolar tissue has many fibers that are obvious in the matrix.

102
Q

what is the purpose of adipose tissue in loose connective tissue proper?

A

stores fat

103
Q

What is a characteristic of Reticular Tissue in Loose Connective Tissue Proper?

A

Cells attached to a fibrous network

104
Q

What are the 3 types of Dense Connective Tissue Proper?

A

Dense Irregular

Dense Regular

Elastic

105
Q

what is a characteristic of Dense Irregular Tissue in Dense Connective tissue Proper?

A

Fibers are not parallel

106
Q

what is a characteristic of Dense Regular Tissue in Dense Connective tissue Proper?

A

Fibers are Parallel

107
Q

what is a characteristic of Elastic Tissue in Dense Connective tissue Proper?

A

Elastic fibers are apparent

108
Q

True or False: Cartilage is a type of Connective Tissue?

109
Q

What are the 3 types of Cartilage

A

Hyaline

Elastic

Fibrocartilage

110
Q

What is a characteristic of Hyaline Cartilage?

A

matrix appears to be clear

111
Q

What is a characteristic of Elastic Cartilage?

A

elastic fibers are obvious within the matrix

112
Q

What is a characteristic of Fibrocartilage?

A

thick collagen fibers are obvious in the matrix

113
Q

Bone is a type of (—-) tissue

A

connective

114
Q

what are the 2 types of bone?

A

Compact, Spongy

115
Q

what is the basic unit of Compact Bone

116
Q

True or False: Blood is a type of connective tissue

A

True, Blood is a type of connective tissue

117
Q

What is a characteristic of Blood?

A

Blood consists of cells within a liquid Matrix

118
Q

A characteristic of muscle tissue is that it is:

A

contractile

119
Q

what are the 3 types of Muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal

Cardiac

Smooth

120
Q

what are the 5 characteristics of Skeletal Muscle tissue

(mnemonic: Cute Smart Monkeys Find Vines)

A

1) Connected to tissue
2) Striated
3) Multinucleated
4) Fibers are parallel
5) Voluntary

121
Q

What are the 5 characteristics of Cardiac Muscle

(mnemonic: Five Silly Unicorns Find Ice cream)

A

1) Found only in the heart
2) Striated
3) Uninucleate
4) Fibers are branched
5) Involuntary

122
Q

What are the 4 characteristics of Smooth Muscle

(mnemonic: Lions Nap Under Ivy)

A

1) Lines tubular organs
2) Not striated
3) Uninucleated
4) Involuntary

123
Q

What are the 4 types of connective tissue?

A

Connective Tissue Proper

Cartilage

Bone

Blood

124
Q

What the 2 components of Nervous Tissue?

A

Neurons

Glial Cells

125
Q

What is the function of neurons in nervous tissue?

A

Neurons conduct nervous impulses

126
Q

What is the function of Glial Cells in nervous tissue?

A

to support the neurons

127
Q

What are the 4 types of Connective tissue?

A

Connective Tissue Proper

Cartilage

Bone

Blood

128
Q

This is the measure of the disorder or randomness in a system. It indicates how much energy in a system is unavailable for doing work and how the system naturally tends to move from order to disorder over time.

129
Q

The more energy in a system, the less (—-)

130
Q

“Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only change from one form to another” is a law of:

A

Thermodynamics

131
Q

“The entropy of the matter of the universe tends to increase” is a law of (——–)

A

Thermodynamics

132
Q

a (—–) is a substance that gets dissolved in liquid

133
Q

A (—–) is a liquid that dissolves a solute

134
Q

this breaks up bonds for energy (large to small)

A

Catabolic Process

135
Q

this builds bonds together with energy (small to large)

A

Anabolic Process

Anatomy (4 decks)

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