Level of measurement

Question 1

Has no numerical value
(2) “Categorical scales/data”
(3) Classifies person/object in two or more
categories
(4) Example:
o Sex (Male, Female)

o Employment Status (Full-time, Part-
time, No current Employment,

Retired)

Answer 1

Nominal Scale

Question 2

Classifies subjects and ranks them in terms of
the degree to which they possess characteristic
of interests
(2) Put the subjects in order from highest to
lowest or from most to least
(3) Classifies person/object in two or more
categories

Answer 2

Ordinal Scale

Question 3

Has all characteristics of a nominal scale and
an ordinal scale but is based upon
predetermined equal intervals
(2) Interval data are real numbers
(3) An interval scale does not have a true zero
point

Answer 3

Interval Scale

Question 4

Represents the highest, most precise level of
measurement
(2) Has meaningful true zero point.
(3) Example:
o Height
o Weight
o Time
o Distance

Answer 4

Ratio Scale

Question 5

The total of entire group of individuals, events,
objects, observations, or reactions to create
stimuli that have unique patterns of qualities
and from which information is desired by the
researcher
(2) Referred to as the universe in the statistical
investigation

Answer 5

Population

Question 6

A portion or subset of the population used to
gather information from the population
(2) Refers to a set of individuals, objects,
observations, reactions, that truly represents
the unique qualities or characteristics of the
population

Answer 6

Sample

Question 7

Determine the population where the data needs
to be gathered
(2) Determine the kind of sample to be drawn from it
(3) Determine the desired sample size using Slovin’s
sampling formula.

Answer 7

n= N/1+N.e2

Question 8

Organized tabulation of the number of
individuals located in each category on the
scale of measurement
(2) Either a table or a graph
(3) Two elements of an FD:
o Set of categories that make up the
original measurement scale
o Record of the frequency, or number of
individuals in each category

Answer 8

Frequency Distribution

Question 9

List the different measurement categories (X
values) in a column from highest to lowest
(2) Beside each X value, indicate the frequency (f),
or the number of times that particular
measurement occurred in the data
(3) Note: the frequencies can be used to find the
total number of scores in the distribution (Σf =
N)
(4) → Summation of f = population (N)
→ Sample (n)

Answer 9

Construction of Simple Frequency Distribution Table

Question 10

Multiply each X value by its frequency
(2) Add the products: (ΣX)

Answer 10

Sum of Score (ΣX)

Question 11

Fraction of the total group that is
associated with each score (X)
o Formula: -p= f/n

Answer 11

Proportions

Question 12

Formula: -p (100) = f/n (100)

Answer 12

Percentage

Question 13

Group score together; make use of class
intervals
(2) Rows of a FD = highest X - lowest X + 1

Answer 13

Grouped Frequency Distribution

Question 14

Should have about 10 class intervals
(2) Width of intervals should be a relatively simple
number (2,5,10,20)
(3) Bottom score in each interval should be a
multiple of the width
(4) All intervals should be the same width; should
cover the range of scores completely with no
gaps and no overlaps

Answer 14

Construction of Grouped Frequency Distribution Table

Question 15

When a continuous variable is measured, the
resulting measurements correspond to
intervals on the number line rather than single
points
Frequency Distribution

Answer 15

Real Limits and Frequency Distribution

Question 16

A picture of the information available in a
frequency distribution table

Answer 16

Frequency Distribution Graphs

Question 17

Measurement scale; values
increasing from left to right

Answer 17

Horizontal
line: X-axis
(abscissa)

Question 18

Frequencies; values increasing from
bottom to top

Answer 18

Vertical
line: Y-axis
(ordinate)

Question 19

List numerical scores along X-axis
(2) Draw a bar above each X value so that:
o Height of the bar corresponds to the f
for that category
o Width of the bar extends to the real
limits of the category
(3) No spaces/gaps between bars

Answer 19

Histogram

Question 20

Drawing a stack of blocks instead of bars
(2) 1 block = 1 individual

Answer 20

Modified Histogram

Question 21

List numerical scores along X-axis
(2) A dot is centered above each score; vertical
positions of the dot correspond to f
(3) A continuous line is drawn from dot to dot to
connect the series of dots
(4) Draw a line down to the X-axis at each end of
the range of scores
for simple FD and grouped FD (use
midpoint)

Answer 21

Polygon

Question 22

Same as a histogram, but spaces are created
between adjacent bars
(2) To emphasize that the scale consists of
separate, distinct categories

Answer 22

Bar Graph

Question 23

Specific shape that can be precisely

defined by an equation

Answer 23

Normal Distribution

Question 24

Greatest f in the middle; smaller f’s

toward either extreme
We cand draw a vertical line through the
middle such that one side of the distribution is
a mirror image of the other

Answer 24

Symmetrical

Question 25

The scores tend to pile up toward one end of
the scale and taper off gradually at the other
end
Tail of a distribution - the section where the
scores taper off toward one end of a
distribution
(3) Positively skewed - tail to the right
(4) Negatively skewed - tail to the left

Answer 25

Skewed Distributions