Level 5 Affixes Flashcards
-age
Examples: coverage, package, storage, stoppage, blockage.
Function: Makes nouns from verbs.
Example:
- Store (Verb): To put something somewhere and keep it there to use later.
- Storage (Noun): The space where things can be kept.
E.g.: There’s a lot of storage space in the loft.
-al
Examples: Rental, renewal, proposal, survival.
Function: Makes nouns from verbs.
Example:
- Deny (Verb): to not accept something.
- Denial (Noun): the action of denying something.
E.g.: The advertising ban is a denial of freedom of speech.
-an
Examples: historian, musician, librarian, Russian, Asian.
Meaning: Makes nouns, showing a job or regional origin.
Example:
- History -> Historian: A person who studies about history.
- Asia -> Asian: a person from Asia.
-ary
Example: secondary, imaginary, momentary, honorary, commentary.
Function: Makes adjectives.
Example:
- Diet (Noun): the food and drink that you have regularly
- Dietary (Adj): connected with the food you have regularly.
E.g.: He receives dietary advice from his doctor.
-ance
Example: insurance, appearance, acceptance, allowance.
Function: Makes nouns from verbs.
Example:
- Remember (Verb): To keep an image in your memory of an event, a person, etc. from the past
- Remembrance (Noun): The act or process of remembering an event or a person in the past.
E.g.: A ceremony was held in remembrance of soldiers killed in the war.
-dom
Example: freedom, kingdom, boredom, stardom, wisdom
Function: Makes nouns
Meaning: The state of being; or imply an area of control
Example:
- Wise -> Wisdom: The state of being wise
- King -> Kingdom: A realm ruled by a king.
-eer
Example: mountaineer, black marketeer, engineer, musketeer
Meaning: Person
Example:
- Auction (Noun): A public sale in which things are sold to the person who offers the most money for them.
- Auctioneer (Noun): A person whose job is to direct an auction and sell the goods.
E.g.: The auctioneer led the auction
-ship
Example: relationship, leadership, lordship, friendship.
Function: Makes nouns indicating a state of being.
Example:
- Member (Noun): a person belongs to a particular group.
- Membership (Adj): the state of being a member of a group.
E.g.: The club has a membership of more than 500.
-ant
Example: informant, dependant, assistant, variant, attendant.
Function: Makes nouns from verbs.
Meaning: Adding the meaning “a person/thing whose job is”
Example:
- Consult (Verb): to discuss with somebody to get advice.
- Consultant (Noun): a person whose job is to give advice.
E.g.: A technology/design consultant.
-en
Example: straighten, soften, shorten, brighten, quicken, deepen
Function: Makes verbs from adjectives.
Meaning: “to cause to be” or “to make.”
Example:
- Bright (Adj): Full of light; shining strongly
- Brighten (Adj): To make brighter
E.g.: The morning sunshine brightened the room.
-ence
Example: difference, existence, reference, excellence.
Function: Makes nouns from verbs.
Example:
- Prefer (Verb): To like one thing or person better than another.
- Preference (Noun): A greater interest in or desire for somebody/something than somebody/something else
E.g.: Many people expressed a strong preference for the original plan.
-ent
Example: different, nonexistent, insistent, persistent.
Function: Makes adjectives from verbs.
Example:
- Emerge (Verb): to become known.
- Emergent (Adj): new and still developing.
E.g.: The emergent trend in technology is shaping how we interact with our devices.
-ery
Example: machinery, pottery, finery, cookery, fishery, slavery.
Meaning: Nouns, usually indicating a collection or group
Example:
- Robber (Verb): A person who steals from a person or place.
- Robbery (Noun): The crime of stealing money or goods from a bank, shop, person, etc.
E.g.: There has been many robberies in the area recently.
-ence
Example: clearance, dependence, assistance, performance.
Function: Makes nouns from verbs.
Example:
- Clear (Verb): to remove things that are not wanted or needed.
- Clearance (Noun): the process of removing things that are not wanted.
E.g.: A a clearance sale
-hood
Example: neighborhood, childhood, manhood, brotherhood.
Meaning: Indicating a state of being.
Example:
- Parenthood (Noun): The state of being a parent.
- Nationhood (Noun): The fact or feeling of being a nation..
E.g.: Citizenship is about the sense of nationhood.
-let
Example: booklet, coverlet, eyelet.
Function: Makes nouns.
Meaning: Little
Example:
- Piglet (Noun): A little pig.
- Starlet (Noun): A little star.
-ward(s)
Example: towards, forward, afterwards, backwards.
Function: Makes adverbs.
Meaning: indicating direction
Example:
- Westward (Adv): Towards the west.
- Homeward (Adv): Towards home.
-wise
Example: crosswise, stepwise, endwise, edgewise, otherwise
Function: Makes adverbs.
Meaning: indicating manner or ‘from the point of view of’
Example:
- Clockwise (Adv): Moving around in the same direction as the hands of a clock
- Likewise (Adv): Acting in the same; in a similar way.
anti-
Example: antitrust, antisocial, antidepressants
Meaning: Against
Example:
- Antibacteial (Adv): againsts (kills) bacteria.
- Antipollution (Adv): againsts (stop) pollution.
bi-
Example: bicycle, bipolar, bipartisan, bilateral
Meaning: Two
Example:
- Bilingual (Adj): Two languages
- Binoculars (Noun): An instrument with two small telescopes fixed together, that makes objects that are far away seem nearer.
counter-
Example: counterproductive, counterfactual, counteract
Meaning: in opposition to
Example:
- Counterbalance (Adj): in opposition to balance.
- Counter-attack (Verb): to make an attack in response to the attack of an enemy.
en-
Example: endanger, entrust, encourage, encircle, enable
Function: Make verbs from nouns:
Example:
- Endanger (Verb): to put somebody/something in a dangerous situation.
- Entrust (Verb): to make somebody responsible for doing something or taking care of somebody
E.g.: He entrusted the task to his nephew.
ex-
Example: ex-husband, ex-president, ex-boss
Meaning: out, moving away, was…
Example:
- Ex-boyfriend (Noun): to put somebody/something in a dangerous situation.
- Ex-president (Verb): A person who was the president.
fore-
Example: forefront, foreground, forecast
Meaning: in front of
Example:
- Forehead (Noun): in front of the head.
- Foresee (Verb): To see something in the future.
inter-
Example: interpersonal, intergroup, interrelated, intermarriage
Meaning: between, back and forth
Example:
- Intercultural (Adj): between cultures.
- Intergroup (Adj): between cultures.
mid-
Example: imidwest, midday, midway, midterm
Meaning: middle
Example:
- Midsummer (Noun): in the middle of the summer.
- Midweek (Noun): in the middle of the week.
mis-
Example: misleading, misunderstood, misuse, mismanagement
Meaning: wrong
Example:
- Misuse (Verb): to use something wrongly.
- Misunderstand (Verb): to understand something wrongly.
post-
Example: postwar, postmodern, postgraduate
Meaning: After
Example:
- Postwar (Noun): After war.
- Postgraduate (Noun): After graduate
semi-
Example: semicircle, semiconductor, semigloss
Meaning: Half
Example:
- Semi-final (Noun): Half the final
- Semi-automatic (Adj): Half automatic
un-
Example: undo, uncover, unlock, undress, unload
uncoverFunction: With verbs indicating reversal of an action
Example:
- Undo (Verb): Not do something
- Uncover (Verb): No cover
