Level 2 reaction scheme Flashcards
What are the common reagents for addition reactions of alkenes?
H₂/Pt, Cl₂, Br₂, H₂O/H⁺ (conc. H₂SO₄/H₂O), hydrogen halides (HX).
What happens when an asymmetric alkene undergoes addition with HX?
The major and minor products form based on Markovnikov’s rule: the hydrogen adds to the carbon with more hydrogens.
What type of substitution reaction occurs with alkanes?
Alkanes undergo monosubstitution with halogens via free radical substitution.
What reagents substitute the –OH group in alcohols?
HCl, PCl₃, PCl₅, SOCl₂ (forming haloalkanes).
What happens when haloalkanes react with ammonia or aqueous KOH?
- Ammonia (NH₃) replaces halogen, forming amines.
Aqueous KOH replaces halogen with –OH, forming alcohols.
What happens in the elimination of water from alcohols?
Alcohols undergo dehydration (H₂SO₄, heat) to form alkenes.
What happens in the elimination of hydrogen halides from haloalkanes?
Haloalkanes react with alcoholic KOH to form alkenes.
How do you determine major and minor products in elimination?
Saytzeff’s rule: The more substituted (stable) alkene is the major product.
What oxidizing agents convert primary alcohols to carboxylic acids?
MnO₄⁻/H⁺ or Cr₂O₇²⁻/H⁺.
What happens when alkenes react with MnO₄⁻?
They undergo oxidation to form diols (glycols).
What are the acid-base properties of carboxylic acids?
Carboxylic acids donate protons (H⁺), reacting with bases to form carboxylate salts.
What happens when amines react with acids?
Amines accept protons, forming alkylammonium salts.
What type of monomers undergo addition polymerization?
Alkenes (unsaturated hydrocarbons).
What happens in addition polymerization?
Double bonds break, and monomers link to form long-chain polymers (e.g., polyethylene).
